The European Union has recognized the importance of digital transformation for the economic growth and competitiveness of Europe, and has initiated a series of initiatives and programs aimed at supporting digital development (European Commission, Digital Europe, 2020). Programs such as Digital Europe, focus on strengthening digital skills, developing digital infrastructure, and supporting innovative digital projects across the region.

Digital transformation is a key theme in European Union policies, with EU programs and initiatives providing financial support, expert assistance, and consulting to organizations seeking to implement digital transformation. The European Union has identified digitalization, or digital transformation of economies, industrial sectors, and enterprises in its member states, as one of its major strategic objectives. Maintaining the competitiveness of companies in the European Union in a global environment characterized by rapid technological progress and an expansive degree of innovation, is a primary focus of EU leadership. The conflict in Ukraine, migration pressure towards the EU, labor shortages, and financial pressures are just some of the challenges that member states have faced in recent years. However, the focus remains on the digital transformation of economies and increasing competitiveness (European Commission, 2023). Establishing a single market, innovation, and digital transformation are top priorities in EU strategic and development programs for the period 2021-2027.

Furthermore, support for digital transformation has not been confined solely within the EU borders. The escalating geopolitical situation in Europe and the world could not pass without additional challenges for the countries of the Western Balkans. This region has become a place where numerous political influences collide in recent years, and a stage where global conflicts are reflected. On one hand, there is significant pressure from China, which through its political-financial initiative, the Digital Silk Road, as part of the Belt and Road Initiative, injects substantial funds into Western Balkan countries, primarily Serbia, while simultaneously increasing its political influence in the region. Digital transformation has been recognized by the EU as one of the key defenses against negative influences on the Western Balkan countries. It has become evident that the strategic importance of the digital economy cannot be overstated (European DIGITAL SME Alliance, 2023).

Despite the potential benefits, many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face challenges in the process of digital transformation. Lack of financial resources, shortage of experts in digital technologies, and resistance to change are often the main obstacles SMEs encounter (European DIGITAL SME Alliance, 2020). Additionally, a lack of clear strategy and reliance on traditional business models can hinder the adoption of digital innovations.

In the context of Bosnia and Herzegovina, digital transformation represents a challenging yet crucial initiative that can contribute to the development of the economy, improvement of the business environment, and increased competitiveness of organizations. Digitalization in Bosnia and Herzegovina faces a number of specific challenges, including a lack of developed digital infrastructure, limited access to financial resources for investment in digital technologies, and regulatory constraints. Key aspects that affect this process include the lack of skilled labor, adaptation of corporate culture, and access to European Union markets, as well as aspects of financial constraints, legal-regulatory framework, and the development of digital education (Salkić, et al., 2023; Domljan & Domljan, 2020). The lack of skilled labor represents one of the key challenges for digital transformation in BiH. The shortage of highly qualified IT professionals, as Korjenić (2022) points out, complicates the process of implementing and maintaining digital solutions.

Available data on the use of digital technologies in businesses in Bosnia and Herzegovina indicate that 99.9% of businesses have access to the internet, 75.1% of businesses provide portable devices that enable mobile internet connection for business purposes, and 36.7% of businesses conduct online internet meetings in their daily operations (Agency for Statistics of BiH, 2023). When it comes to the prevalence of e-commerce, 27% of businesses have conducted sales through websites, mobile applications, or EDI data transfers, while only 6.5% of businesses have utilized some form of Big Data analysis from any data source. Many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Bosnia and Herzegovina face a lack of financial resources for investing in digital technologies. Financing digital transformation can be challenging due to a lack of capital, high interest rates, and limited access to loans and other forms of financing. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there is no clear strategy for the digitalization of businesses that would be implemented by state bodies. The primary motivation lies in the individual desire of companies, driven by competitive pressure from foreign markets in which they operate, to enter the process of digital transformation (Čatić et al., 2020). Regulatory constraints can also pose barriers to digital transformation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Complex and fragmented legislation, bureaucracy, and administrative procedures can slow down the process of digitalization and make it difficult for organizations to leverage the benefits of digital technologies. Improving the business environment and reducing administrative barriers are key steps towards creating a conducive environment for digital transformation.

During November 2023, a survey of the attitudes of managers and owners of companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina was conducted on a sample of 82 companies, members of BUM - Business Union of Managers. This union gathers successful managers and company owners from the entire area of Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the survey, a questionnaire was used covering several areas:

The criteria of the new Law on Accounting and Audit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2021 were used for the classification of company size. According to this law, micro, small, medium, and large enterprises are classified as follows:

Source: Article 5 (Classification of Legal Entities) of the Law on Accounting and Audit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Official Gazette of the FBiH 15/2021" dated 24.02.2021).

According to the provisions of the aforementioned law, for a company to be classified into one of the categories mentioned above, it must meet at least two of the three conditions. For the purposes of this research, the conditions of the number of employees and annual revenue from the last business year were used. In addition, companies were asked about the number of years in business, which included the following categories: (a) up to two years in business, (b) 2-10 years in business, (c) 10-25 years in business, and (d) over 25 years in business. This criterion is necessary to determine the correlation between the age of companies and the level of their digitalization. The research showed that in the first category of up to two years in business, none of the surveyed companies were present. The distribution of respondents according to these criteria is shown in Table 2.

Source: Author's elaboration

From the table, it can be seen that the representation of different sectors in the total sample is approximately equal: 31.7% in manufacturing (26 companies), 36.6% in trade (30 companies), and 29.3% in services (26 companies). The distribution of sectors justifies further research and examination of respondents perspectives across different sectors, which is beneficial for generalizing attitudes for the entire economy. Medium-sized companies dominate the sample, accounting for exactly 50% of all respondents. They represent 46.3% in terms of the number of employees and an even larger share, 51.2%, in terms of total revenue. Small companies constitute 29.3% of the surveyed companies, while large companies contribute one-fifth of the total number (20.7%). These shares of different-sized companies ensure the representativeness of the sample in the conducted research. Regarding the length of operation, the highest participation comes from companies present in the market for 10 to 25 years, comprising almost half (48.8%). Significantly, companies with over 25 years of market presence account for 40.2%. Together, these two groups make up 89% of all surveyed companies. Based on this, it can be concluded that the research predominantly includes companies operating for more than 10 years in the market of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The distribution of functions performed by respondents is relatively equal: 32.9% are younger owners (successors), 30.5% are professional managers who are not related to the owners, and 19.5% are older owners. All other functions, besides these three key roles, account for 17.1%. From the provided data, it can be concluded that the structure of the surveyed companies, observed according to various criteria, is adequate for researching attitudes and opinions regarding the significance and effects of business digitalization in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The primary objective of the research is to determine the level of digitalization of companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) through the processes of digitalization within the companies, changes in the digital business environment, and the business applications used by the companies. This level will be examined in companies of different sizes (large, medium, and small) to generalize attitudes for the overall economy based on the results from different-sized companies. Therefore, the main research hypothesis is:

The first aim of this study is related to the processes of digital transformation. This transformation of business operations is recognized as a necessity in every company's business. For example, it is one of the strategic development directions of the European Union until 2030, where digital business transformation is identified as one of the four areas. This is confirmed by the key areas of the EU's digital strategy policies until 2030. (EU program "A Digital Decade"). "Key areas of policies related to the EU's digital strategy, promoting digital transformation: (1) The Digital Decade, (2) The European Declaration on Digital Rights and Principles, (3) Digital Services, (4) Data Economy, (5) Taxation of the Digital Economy, (6) Artificial Intelligence, (7) Connectivity, (8) Cybersecurity, (9) European Digital Identity (eID), (10) Digitalization of Justice, and (11) Digital Information Exchange." (EU program "A Digital Decade"). The research aimed to determine respondents' own assessment of the current level of business digital transformation and their attitudes toward the significance of this transformation for their business. Additional research hypotheses related to this aim are:

Business digitalization can encompass various areas of a company's operations. The first indicator of digitalization is the level of application of various software or applications in operations, ranging from essential ERP systems to specialized business software used in certain business segments. Given this, one of the objectives of this study is to assess the level of application of several basic applications, such as ERP, CRM, DMS, VMS, and e-commerce, which can be used by almost all companies regardless of size. The fundamental research assumption is that a higher degree of digitalization of BiH companies is directly correlated with a higher level of application of these key business software applications, regardless of the company's size. The choice and extent of use of the mentioned applications primarily depend on the company's industry, size, and development strategy.

Considering the above, one of the objectives of this study is to assess the level of implementation of several basic applications, which, according to their purpose, can be used by almost all companies regardless of size. These include ERP as fundamental software, followed by CRM (software representing a central customer database where all collaboration-related data is interconnected, providing organized information about the complete customer interaction, available in one place and at any time), DMS (document management software, facilitating paperless operations by tracking documents from creation on computers, through sharing with colleagues, customers, or clients, to processing and digital archiving), VMS (warehouse management software enabling management of various logistical parameters: receiving, moving, packing, picking, shipping of goods, etc.), and e-commerce (software for presenting and selling products and services online). Respondents were asked to indicate whether they use each of the mentioned applications, how long they have been using them, and what benefits or advantages their implementation has brought to their business. The fundamental research assumption is that a higher degree of digitalization in Bosnian companies is directly correlated with a higher level of application of these mentioned applications, regardless of the company's size. The auxiliary research hypothesis for this objective is as follows:

The third aim of the research pertains to the technical aspects of digitalization, specifically the improvement of the digital environment in which companies operate. The study examines aspects of digitalization that are not directly within the companies' control but can have varying impacts on their business. Respondents were asked to express their views on electronic seals and signatures, the possibilities of EDI (or Electronic Data Interchange), the application of barcodes, and artificial intelligence (AI). The research hypothesis is that advancements in the digital environment of companies have different implications for their operations, regardless of the company's size. In other words, the aim of the research is to determine whether changes in the digital business environment manifest differently across different-sized companies. An auxiliary research hypothesis for this aim is:

By analyzing the three stated research aims and testing all related auxiliary hypotheses, key arguments will be developed for testing the main hypothesis and achieving the fundamental objective of the research for the overall economy of BiH. The processing of respondents' attitudes will be conducted using the statistical program SPSS 21, including descriptive statistics for each company size and ANOVA one-way test (Engl. ANalysis Of Variance), T-test, and Chi-square test to determine statistically significant differences between specific groups. If the ANOVA test results show homogeneity in the responses of these groups, conclusions can be generalized for all companies and the overall economy. If there is no homogeneity, the T-test (testing the mean) and the Chi-square test (testing variance) will determine between which pairs of groups significant differences exist.

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As already mentioned, the level of digital transformation of companies can be examined through three dimensions: (a) subjective attitudes of company management regarding the need for business digitalization and its impact assessment on operations; (b) levels of application of modern software and applications in this field, and (c) the impact of changes in the digital environment of companies.

Analyzing the first dimension, respondents were asked two direct questions related to digital transformation. The questions, as well as respondents' answers, are provided in Table 3. Large companies with an average response value of 1.59 are closer to the response "YES" indicating that they have implemented digital transformation to a greater extent. On the other hand, medium-sized companies (average value of 1.46) and small companies (average value of 1.33) are closer to the statement that they have not implemented digital transformation to a greater extent. Additionally, it is evident that as the size of the company decreases, the ratings for the implementation of digital transformation decrease. Small companies show the lowest degree of implemented transformation.

Evaluating the current level of business digitalization, most companies believe that minor or major improvements are needed. The average value of all responses is 2.50, which is exactly halfway between "minor improvements" and "major improvements." Large companies are closer to the assessment that minor improvements are needed. Medium-sized companies, the largest group in the sample (50%), are divided between the need for "minor" and "major" improvements in the current level of digitalization. The average rating is 2.48. Small companies, as with the previous question, believe that major improvements in business digitalization are necessary.

Table 3: Descriptive Statistics on the Level of Digitalization of Companies Descriptives

Source: Authors' elaboration

To confirm these results, an ANOVA test was conducted to test for significant statistical differences among all three groups. The results are provided in Table 4.

Table 4. Results of the ANOVA Test for AH1

Source: Authors' elaboration

The results of the ANOVA test show, for both questions, that there is no statistically significant difference between the groups, considering that p (in the table, Sig. value) > 0.05. Based on this, it can be concluded that companies are closer to the assertion that they have not implemented digital transformation to a greater extent, especially small and medium-sized ones, as well as some large ones. This is confirmed by the answer to the second question, where the average value of the responses ranges between the need for minor and major improvements. As expected, large companies are leaders in this process and have higher ratings, but these differences are not much greater than the average attitudes of the other two groups.

Based on the results of the statistical tests, the first hypothesis: A.H.1: Although Bosnian and Herzegovinian companies are aware of the importance of digital transformation, there is a gap between this awareness and the actual implementation of digital technologies in business can be considered proven. Companies of all sizes have generally not implemented digital business transformation to a greater extent and believe that minor or major improvements are needed. This does not apply to some large companies, as the average response values of this group are not significantly different from those of small and medium-sized companies. For the purpose of testing the second auxiliary hypothesis, companies were asked to express their views on the importance of digital transformation for future business, as well as the correlation between investment in these processes and strengthening their competitive position in the future. The average response values for all three groups are given in Table 5.

The average response values to questions about the importance of digital transformation and investment in it in the context of strengthening their own competitive position range from 4.3 to 4.8. This means that the attitudes of companies of all sizes range from "agree" (value 4) to "strongly agree" (value 5). Regardless of size, companies are aware of the importance of digital transformation and the correlation between investment in it and their own competitive position.

Table 5: Descriptive statistics on digitalization degree of companies

Source: Authors' elaboration, 2024

However, the results of the ANOVA test in Table 6 show that there are statistically significant differences between different sizes of companies regarding the correlation between digital transformation and future success. The p-value or Sig.(2-tailed) is 0.021, which is less than the reference value of 0.05. This means that some companies have different views on how much digital transformation will affect their future success.

Table 6. Results of the ANOVA test for AH2

Source: Authors' elaboration, 2024

To gain insights into the significant differences between companies, a T-test was conducted on each pair: small-medium, small-large, and medium-large (see Table 7). The results of the T-test showed statistically significant differences in attitudes between medium and large companies, as the Sig.(2-tailed) value in this case was 0.007, which is less than the reference value of 0.05.

Table 7. Results of T-test for AH2

Source: Authors' elaboration, 2024

Although the results of the T-test were sufficient to establish statistically significant differences between the two groups, a Chi-square test was also conducted for the medium-large company pair, which confirmed the results of the T-test (see Table 8), as the p-value is 0.026, which is less than the reference value of 0.05.

Table 8. Results of HI-square test for AH2

Source: Authors' elaboration, 2024

In conclusion, companies of all sizes are aware of the significant impact of digital transformation and are willing to invest in it, but there are more pronounced differences in attitudes between medium and large companies regarding the reflection of this transformation on future success. Large companies are convinced of this correlation (with an average answer value of an extremely high 4.82 out of a maximum of 5.0), while medium-sized companies are somewhat more reserved about it (with an average answer value of 4.39). Interestingly, small companies (with an average of 4.54) are more optimistic about the importance of digital transformation for future success. Based on the results of the statistical tests, the second auxiliary hypothesis: AH2: Bosnian companies have a positive perception of the necessity and significance of digital transformation for their business, regardless of their size, can be conditionally considered proven. Companies of different sizes have a positive perception towards digital transformation and are willing to invest in it to improve their competitive position. However, there are more significant differences in attitudes between medium and large companies regarding its impact on future success. The results of these variations may partly stem from the fact that exactly 50% of the surveyed companies (or 41) belong to the medium-sized group, while large companies are significantly less represented (only 17 companies or 20.7%). A greater discrepancy in the number of respondents in each group may partly cause significant statistical differences.

The third auxiliary hypothesis is based on the assumption that companies that have digitized their business to a greater extent or have initiated these processes actually use certain business applications and software solutions that reflect the technical aspect of digitalization. In addition to directly asking whether they use specific software, they were asked to indicate how long they have been using it. The duration of using this software is a clear indicator of the current degree of digitalization. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that companies, regardless of size, are aware of the need for digitalization. Evaluating all five software solutions, companies were asked to indicate how the implementation of each of them has affected their business. The results of the technical aspect of digitalization of companies are presented in Table 9.

Table 9. Application of Different Software and Applications in Company Operations

Source: Authors' elaboration, 2024

ERP, as a fundamental software in every company, has expected results. It is used by 76.8% of all surveyed companies, mainly for over 10 years. Only small (mostly service-oriente d) companies do not use their own ERP. The assumption is that they use outsourcing services from various agencies. The vast majority of companies (71.4%) believe that ERP has a significant impact on their business. Only those who do not use their own ERP cannot assess its impact on business (23.8%). Generally speaking, the implementation of ERP is pronounced in the majority of surveyed companies, as expected given its purpose and functions.

However, the remaining four software solutions (CRM, DMS, WMS, and E-commerce) show significantly lower levels of implementation. The participation of those who use them ranges from 29-34%. Even large companies, as leaders in the digitalization process, show that they do not use advanced software solutions to a greater extent. Additionally, unlike ERP, the duration of implementation of all these applications mainly ranges from 2-10 years, implying the conclusion that even those companies using these solutions have relatively little experience with them. It is positive that among those who use the mentioned software solutions, the majority of them identify a significant impact of these applications on their own business. Based on the obtained answers, the third auxiliary hypothesis, which stated that: Regardless of size, Bosnian companies heavily use key business software applications, which are indicators of significant business digitalization, cannot be considered proven. The reasons for refuting this hypothesis are as follows:

It is positive that those companies that have indicated that they use these applications have positive perceptions of their impact on their own business, although the implementation period is relatively short (the dominant period of use is 2-10 years). The last, fourth auxiliary hypothesis tests respondents' attitudes toward changes in the digital environment. The assumption is that these changes can also encourage companies to engage in the processes of digital transformation of their own business. The results are presented in Table 10. Analyzing attitudes towards digital seals and signatures, which are still not widely used in the Bosnian market, all three groups of companies predominantly agree that their implementation will have positive implications for business and its digitalization. This is indicated by 93.9% of all surveyed companies. Furthermore, 43-47% of them believe that it will have a significant impact on business. One-fifth believe that the impact will be small, while one-third cannot assess this impact. Similar participation rates are evident within the groups of small, medium, and large companies.

In contrast to electronic signatures and seals, the remaining three segments of the digital environment (use of barcodes, EDI, and artificial intelligence) have significantly lower adoption rates ranging from 32.9% to 37.8% of those who use them. Large companies predominantly use barcodes and EDI, while small companies use them the least. On the other hand, small companies use artificial intelligence much more (45.8%) compared to large ones (only 17.6%). More than half of the companies using barcodes identify a significant impact on their business. However, half of the companies using EDI and artificial intelligence cannot assess their impact on business. In summary, it is evident that large companies, due to their characteristics, use barcodes and EDI more, but smaller companies are more flexible, as indicated by the proportion of those who have experience with using artificial intelligence for business purposes.

Table 10. Companies attitudes towards the digital environment

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Source: Authors' elaboration

Based on the obtained results, the fourth auxiliary hypothesis, which states that: Bosnian companies have positive perceptions of changes in business conditions in the digital environment, can be conditionally proven for the following reasons:

Analyzing the results of proving the auxiliary hypotheses:

The main hypothesis of the study: The degree of digital transformation in Bosnian companies varies significantly depending on their size, cannot be proven. There are different variations between different sizes of companies, but they do not follow specific rules or regularities in the correlation between the size of the company and the degree of digitalization. Large companies have slightly more pronounced positive attitudes towards digitalization compared to others, but they also vary and lag behind in technical aspects and changes in the environment, sometimes even more (e.g., the application of artificial intelligence).