Review article

Sex Differences in Drug Effects: are Women Really from Venus and Men from Mars?

Viktorija Erdeljić Turk

Abstract

Sex differences significantly impact the prevalence, progression, and outcomes of diseases, as well as the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of drugs. Physiological differences influence the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs, as well as their effects on the body. This can affect required drug dosages, especially for medications with a narrow therapeutic index. Differences in estrogen and progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause in women, and testosterone in men, can greatly impact drug PK. Women often show increased sensitivity to certain drugs, conditioned by differences in receptor expression, drug sensitivity, and hormonal regulation. Due to higher rates of polytherapy, increased bioavailability of drugs, sensitivity to their effects, and differences in PK and PD, women are generally at a higher risk of side effects, including serious adverse reactions, compared to men. Acknowledging these differences, regulatory agencies now mandate balanced gender representation in clinical trials to improve drug safety for both sexes. By integrating sex as a critical biological variable in research, scientists can enhance individualized therapies, reducing the risk of adverse effects and optimizing treatment outcomes. This shift is essential for the development of precision medicine that reflects individual needs.

Keywords

sex; drugs; pharmacokinetics; pharmacodynamics; clinical trials

Hrčak ID:

328507

URI

https://hrcak.srce.hr/328507

Publication date:

27.2.2025.

Article data in other languages: croatian

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