Veterinarski arhiv 69 1

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VETERINARSKI ARHIV = 69 (1),=20 17-28, 1999

ISSN 1331-8055 = Online
ISSN=20 0372-5480 Printed in Croatia

Improvement of beef = production=20 traits of Southern Anatolian Red cattle through crossings
with = Simmental=20 sires

Okan = Ertugrul¹, Orhan=20 Alpan²*, Melith Umay³,
Abdurrahman = Bilki³,=20 and Sait Bulmus³

¹Veterinary=20 Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

²Faculty of=20 Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, = Jordan=20

³Ceylanpinar State=20 Farm, Sanliurfa, Turkey

* Contact = address:
Prof. Dr. Orhan=20 Alpan,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science = and=20 Technology, Irbid, Jordan,
Phone: 962 2 295111; Fax: 962 2 295123;=20
E-mail: orhan@just.edu.jo

ERTUGRUL, O., O. ALPAN, = M. UMAY, A.=20 BILKI, S. BULMUS: Improvement of beef production traits of Southern = Anatolian=20 Red cattle through crossings with Simmental sires. Vet. arhiv 69, 17-28, = 1999.=20

ABSTRACT =

The objective of this = work was to=20 develop a new genotype of cattle using Southern Anatolian Red cows and = Simmental=20 semen and to study some of the productive traits of F1 crossbred = generation. The=20 animal material consisted of 50 Southern Anatolian Red cows and 80 = crossbreds.=20 All the cows calved normally and without any assistance. No serious = health=20 problems were observed up to 18 months of age. The average birth masses = of the=20 male and female calves were 35.3=B10.8 and 32.8=B10.6 kg, respectively = and the=20 difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The animals = reached=20 516.4=B110.4 and 445.3=B15.0 kg, in the above order, live mass = (P<0.01) at 18=20 months of age. Fattening with 10 males was started at a mass of 125 kg = and=20 lasted until 550 kg. The dressing percentage of chilled carcass was = 59.0% with=20 carcass values of 17.3% bone, 78.9% saleable meat, 23.8% prime cuts and = 2.0%=20 pelvic fat. The results indicate that Simmental genotype will contribute = to=20 Southern Anatolian Red positively for the development of a new = dual-purpose=20 breed of cattle, giving priority to beef production.

Key words: cattle, = Simmental,=20 Southern Anatolian Red, crossbreeding, growth, fattening, carcass =

Introduction =

Turkey has a cattle = population of about=20 13 million head. Low production native breeds constitute 52% of the = total. The=20 remainder are crossbreds between native and European breeds at different = genotype levels. Among the European breeds, Holsteins and Brown Swiss = make up=20 about 90% of the total population (ANON, 1994). The Southern Anatolian = Red,=20 numbering about half a million head, is a common native breed in the=20 Mediterranean and south-eastern regions of Turkey. Varieties of this = breed are=20 also raised in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt and Iraq, which are = generally known=20 as Damascus cattle. The Southern Anatolian Red is the most prolific milk = producer among the native breeds in Turkey, some of which have lactation = yields=20 of about 5.000 kg. It is well adapted to the prevailing adverse = environmental=20 conditions in the area, including high temperatures. Daytime = temperatures=20 generally measure from 35 to 40 =B0C in July and August. The breed is = also highly=20 resistant to tick born diseases (ALPAN, 1972; AKCAN et al., 1991; = ERTUGRUL,=20 1993). A crossbreeding program between the Southern Anatolian Red and = Holsteins=20 was begun in 1970 with the aim of increasing milk production in the = southern=20 regions of Turkey. SEZGIN (1976) reported that the averages for length = of=20 lactation were 220, 279 and 292 days, with actual lactation milk yields = of=20 1,792, 2,804 and 3,231 kg for natives, crossbreds and pure Holsteins,=20 respectively.

Reports on different = performances of=20 Holstein =D7 Southern Anatolian Red crossbreds have indicated that as = the genotype=20 of Holstein was increased from zero to the second back-cross generation = level,=20 the averages of growth rate in calves, milk production in cows, daily = mass gain=20 and feed conversion efficiency in fattening bull-calves were also = increased=20 (ALPAN, 1972; ALPAN and SEZGIN, 1976; AKCAN and ALPAN, 1984). On the = other hand,=20 abilities of adaptation to hot climate and disease resistance were = decreased,=20 with indications of higher numbers of health disturbances and higher = respiration=20 rate during the hot season (AKCAN et al., 1991).

The Simmental is a large = size,=20 dual-purpose breed that has become increasingly popular in many = countries over=20 the last two decades. Milk yield of the breed has been reported to be = 5,825 kg=20 in Switzerland, the country of origin of the breed (LEDERMAN, 1995). In = addition=20 to its relatively high milk production, the recent popularity of the = breed is=20 mainly based on its beef production performance. KRAEUSLICH (1982) = reported that=20 in the Simmental breed the average values for some beef traits were 35 = kg for=20 birth mass, 650 kg for mature body mass in females, 1,200 g average = daily gain=20 in the fattening period of males and 650 kg slaughter weight at about = 500 days=20 of age. The Simmental breed has been reported to be successful in = transmitting=20 its beef production potential to crossbred generations with different = dairy and=20 beef breeds in many countries around the world (DALTON et al., 1975; = COMERFORD=20 et al., 1987; KRESS et al., 1992).

The first phase of a vast = irrigation=20 project has started and is being expanded in the south-eastern regions = of=20 Turkey. It is anticipated that an ample supply of feedstuffs and food = industry=20 by-products will be available for feeding livestock in the area. To make = the=20 best use of the cattle population in the region, the productive = potential of=20 native cattle needs to be improved. In this respect, using the Simmental = genotype on the Southern Anatolian Red would bring improvements in both = beef and=20 dairy production.

The main objective of = this work was to=20 develop a new genotype of cattle having a high capacity for beef and = milk=20 production and an ability to adapt to the warm climatic conditions of = the=20 region. The specific objective of this work was to study some of the = important=20 productive traits of the first generation progeny of Simmental =D7 = Southern=20 Anatolian Red combination cross-breeding programme.

Materials and methods=20

The study was conducted = on 50 Southern=20 Anatolian red cows and their 80 crossbred calves, produced by artificial = insemination, using frozen Simmental semen over a period of two years. = The semen=20 was donated by Lalahan Livestock Research Institute.

The study was carried out = at the=20 Ceylanpinar State Farm in the south-eastern region of Turkey. = Parturitions were=20 observed for calving ease evaluations using a scale of one to ten, in = ascending=20 order of difficulty. Live masses and four body measurements (wither = height, body=20 length, chest girth circumference and cannon bone circumference) were = recorded=20 monthly from birth to six months, and every three months from six to 18 = months=20 of age. The animals were kept in open paddocks, provided with shelter = areas at=20 the sides for protection from sunshine, rain and wind.

Ten male crossbreds were = chosen at=20 about four months of age and with 125 kg body mass to study fattening=20 performance and carcass traits. They were fed roughage and concentrates = at a=20 ratio of 50:50. Roughage comprised green cut grass and corn in summer, = and corn=20 silage and grass hay in the winter season. The concentrates were a = barley based=20 mix (Table 1). The animals were slaughtered at 550 kg of live mass. Some = slaughtering measurements were taken and carcass traits were determined. = The=20 data were analysed using standard statistical procedures.

Results =

Length of gestation, = calving ease=20 and mortality

There was no difference = (P<0.05) in=20 the average length of gestation between male (287.4=B10.63 days) and = female=20 (286=B10.88 days) calves. All calvings were normal. Average calving ease = score was=20 one. Mortality and serious health disorders were not observed among = calves up to=20 18 months of age.

Live mass and body = measurements=20

The average live mass and = body=20 measurements of calves from birth to 18 months of age are given in = Tables 2, 3=20 and 4. The average birth mass of the male and female calves were = 35.3=B10.8 and=20 32.8=B10.6 kg, respectively and the statistical difference was = significant=20 (P<0.05). Male animals maintained this superiority until 18 months of = age,=20 except in the first month. Respective live mass figures for male and = female=20 crossbreds were also different (P<0.01) at 12 and 18 months of age = (Table 1=20 and Fig. 1).

Table 1. Ration = composition and=20 nutrient contents (%) in cattle feed used

Ingredients =	Ration dry matter =	Dry matter =	Crude protein =	Crude fiber =
Roughages =
Grass-legume mix =	25 =	29.3 =	11.8 =	31.4 =
Corn, well eared =	25 =	33.7 =	8.1 =	23.2 =
Concentrate mix=20
Barley =	40 =	88.1 =	9.6 =	7.5 =
Wheat bran =	5 =	89.8 =	17.3 =	10.6 =
Cotton seed oil = meal=20	4 =	91.2 =	35.0 =	14.1 =
Minerals and salt =	1 =	- =	- =	-=20

Fig. 1. Growth diagrams = in body=20 masses of male and female cattle crossbreds

From birth to 18 months = of age, four=20 body measurements were taken at eleven measurement periods. The mean = values of=20 the measurements at six-monthly intervals are given in Tables 3 and 4. = Males had=20 significantly higher means during most measurement periods. The females=20 displayed certain higher means (such as 6- and 18-month measurements of = heart=20 girth) but statistical differences were not significant (P>0.05). =

Table 2. Body masses of = Simmental =D7=20 Southern Anatolian Red crosses (kg)

Stage (months) =	Male =	Female =	t-test =
N =	Mean =	SE =	N =	Mean =	SE =
Birth =	46 =	35.3 =	0.8 =	34 =	32.8 =	0.6 =	* =
3 =	46 =	103.3 =	2.4 =	34 =	95.7 =	2.0 =	* =
6 =	43 =	194.0 =	3.1 =	30 =	170.5 =	2.8 =	** =
9 =	40 =	281.3 =	4.5 =	26 =	247.3 =	4.0 =	** =
12 =	33 =	368.5 =	6.0 =	18 =	323.0 =	4.4 =	** =
15 =	26 =	447.5 =	10.3 =	15 =	394.4 =	3.8 =	** =
18 =	22 =	516.4 =	10.4 =	14 =	445.3 =	5.0 =	**=20

*P<0.05; **P<0.01 =

Table 3. Withers = heights and body=20 lenghts of
Simmental =D7 Souther Anatolian Red crosses (cm) =

Stage (months) =	Male =	Female =	t-test =
N =	Mean =	SE =	N =	Mean =	SE =
Withers height=20
Birth =	46 =	75.9 =	0.1 =	34 =	73.7 =	0.7 =	** =
6 =	43 =	110.4 =	0.7 =	30 =	108.4 =	3.3 =	- =
12 =	33 =	127.7 =	0.9 =	18 =	123.9 =	0.9 =	** =
18 =	22 =	140.0 =	0.9 =	14 =	136.4 =	0.8 =	- =
Body length =
Birth =	46 =	61.1 =	0.5 =	34 =	59.9 =	0.7 =	- =
6 =	43 =	107.1 =	0.7 =	30 =	106.5 =	0.8 =	- =
12 =	33 =	132.1 =	1.0 =	18 =	125.1 =	1.0 =	** =
18 =	22 =	144.0 =	1.1 =	14 =	138.2 =	2.3 =	*=20

*P<0.05; **P<0.01 =

Table 4. Heart girth = and cannon bone=20 circumference of
Simmental =D7 Southern Anatolian Red crosses (cm) =

Stage (months) =	Male =	Female =	t-test =
N =	Mean =	SE =	N =	Mean =	SE =
Heart girth =
Birth =	46 =	75.6 =	0.5 =	34 =	74.1 =	0.5 =	* =
6 =	43 =	123.8 =	1.2 =	30 =	130.3 =	0.8 =	- =
12 =	33 =	168.8 =	1.2 =	18 =	163.5 =	0.9 =	** =
18 =	22 =	183.9 =	2.3 =	14 =	184.3 =	1.1 =	- =
Cannon bone = circumference=20
Birth =	46 =	12.1 =	0.1 =	34 =	11.7 =	0.1 =	** =
6 =	43 =	17.1 =	0.1 =	30 =	15.9 =	0.1 =	** =
12 =	33 =	20.5 =	0.2 =	18 =	18.9 =	0.2 =	** =
18 =	22 =	21.6 =	0.3 =	14 =	20.5 =	0.2 =	**=20

*P<0.05; **P<0.01 =

Fattening, = slaughtering and carcass=20 traits

Ten males were chosen for = beef=20 production study at four months of age. The animals reached the target = mass of=20 550 kg in 426 days with an average daily gain of 1012=B10.1 g (Table 5). = Some=20 values of slaughter and carcass traits are given in Tables 6 and 7. The = average=20 chilled carcass mass was 327.3=B19.6 kg with a 59% dressing percentage = on chilled=20 carcass basis. The ratio of bone to carcass was 17.3%, with the prime = cuts to=20 carcass ratio being 23.8%. Average abdominal and pelvic fats were = 8.4=B11.1 and=20 6.6=B10.6 kg, respectively. Average feed conversion efficiency was = calculated as=20 9.7=B10.2 kg for the group on feed dry matter basis.

Table 5. Fattening = performances of=20 Simmental =D7 Souther Anatolian Red crossbred bulls (N=3D10)

Item =	Mean =	SE =
Starting mass (kg) =	122.7 =	4.6 =
Starting age (days) =	124.7 =	6.2 =
Fattening period = (days)=20	425.9 =	13.7 =
Final mass (kg) =	553.4 =	10.8 =
Average daily gain = (g)=20	1012.0 =	10.1 =
Feed efficiency (kg = Feed dry=20 matter/kg gain)	9.7 =	0.2=20

Table 6. Some = slaughtering=20 characteristics of Simmental =D7 Souther Anatolian Red crossbred Bulls = (N=3D10)=20

Item =	Mean =	SE =
Slaughtering mass = (kg)=20	553.4 =	10.8 =
Warm carcass (kg) =	334.2 =	10.1 =
Chilled carcass = (kg)=20	327.3 =	9.6 =
Chilling shrinkage = (%)=20	2.0 =	0.0 =
Dressing percentage = (Chilled)=20	59.0 =	9.8 =
Warm skin (kg) =	45.2 =	1.0 =
Head (kg) =	25.4 =	0.6 =
Liver (kg) =	6.9 =	0.3 =
Empty stomach (kg) =	10.0 =	0.7 =
Abdominal fat (kg) =	8.4 =	1.1=20

Table 7. Some carcass = characteristics=20 of Simmental =D7 Souther Anatolian Red crossbred bulls (N=3D10) =

Item =	Mean =	SE =
Chilled carcass = (kg)=20	327.3 =	9.6 =
Bone (kg) =	56.3 =	1.6 =
Saleable meat (kg) =	258.1 =	11.9 =
Bone to caracass = (%)=20	17.3 =	0.7 =
Pelvic fat (kg) =	6.6 =	0.6 =
Prime cuts (kg) =	77.8 =	2.8 =
Prime cuts to = carcass (%)=20	23.8 =	0.9=20

Discussion =

This study showed that = the average=20 gestation period for male and female calves together was four days = longer than=20 the figures reported by ERTUGRUL (1993) for the same herd at the same = station.=20 The average gestation length of this study was also higher than the = average=20 Simmental figures reported in Turkey (DELIOMEROGLU, 1993) and in the USA = (WRAY=20 et al., 1987). The differences may be attributed in part to the genotype = of the=20 foetus.

Generally speaking, the = Southern=20 Anatolian Red breed has long legs and a narrow and thin body frame. On = the other=20 hand, the Simmental breed has short legs, and is stocky with a large = body size.=20 For these reasons calving difficulty is one of the main concerns in = Simmental=20 cows and also for crossings of Simmental bulls with other breeds = (MEACHAM and=20 NOTTER, 1987; COMERFORD et al., 1987). Contrary to expectations, calving = difficulty posed no problem for Southern Anatolian Red cows in = delivering their=20 calves from Simmental bulls. There were no abortions, no stillbirths and = all the=20 cows delivered normally. ERTUGRUL (1993) reported earlier that the = average birth=20 mass in the same pure Southern Anatolian Red herd was 21 kg. Although = crossbred=20 calves were about 5 kg heavier in birth mass than pure Southern = Anatolian Red=20 calves, this did not cause any difficulty during parturition. It appears = that=20 the pelvic canal of the cows is wide enough to facilitate larger calves = during=20 delivery. This was also true for Holstein =D7 Southern Anatolian Red = crossbreds,=20 which was reported by SEZGIN (1976) at another state farm.

The Southern Anatolian = Red breed is=20 well adapted to the prevailing adverse environmental conditions (ALPAN, = 1972).=20 They are also more resistant to diseases than Holsteins. AKCAN et al = (1991)=20 reported that the incidence of health disturbances was increased as the = Holstein=20 genotype increased in the crossbred generations. Since there was no = mortality,=20 and not even any serious health disturbances among the crossbreds in = this study,=20 it may be concluded that the Southern Anatolian Red genotype for disease = resistance prevails in the progeny. However, it should be borne in mind = that the=20 first crossbred generation has also the advantage of heterosis. =

As was expected, the male = crossbreds=20 had higher body masses and body measurements than the females (Table 2-4 = and=20 Fig. 1) from birth to 18 months of age. The differences were = statistically=20 significant (P<0.05) at most of the measurement periods. The growth=20 performances of the crossbreds were similar to the Holstein =D7 Southern = Anatolian=20 Red crossbreds as reported by SEZGIN (1976) from birth to three months = of age.=20 After this stage, the differences were increased in favour of Simmental=20 crossbreds at almost all the body measurements as the ages of the = animals=20 increased, until 18 months. However, withers heights were lower in both=20 Simmental crosses and Holstein crosses than in the pure Southern = Anatolian Red.=20

Ten of the males were = chosen for=20 fattening and were slaughtered at 550 kg live mass. Since all the cows = were=20 inseminated by Simmental semen there were no Southern Anatolian Red = calves=20 available at the farm for control animals. For this reason, reports of = the=20 previous growth and fattening results of Southern Anatolian Red and = their=20 Holstein crossbred males were used for comparisons. Simmental crosses = had wider=20 and deeper body measurements than Southern Anatolian Red and their = Holstein=20 crossbreds. This could be interpreted to mean that body capacity in = Simmental=20 crosses was more suitable to mass gains in fattening than Southern = Anatolian Red=20 and their Holstein crossbreds. As a matter of fact, the results in this = study=20 showed that Simmental crosses had higher fattening performances than = Southern=20 Anatolian Red and Holstein =D7 Southern Anatolian Red crosses (ALPAN and = SEZGIN,=20 1976; AKCAN and ALPAN, 1984). However, the averages for daily gain and = feed=20 efficiency in this study were lower than the reported values for pure = Simmentals=20 (KRAEUSLICH, 1982; MAZUROWSKI et al., 1995).

The warm and chilled = dressing=20 percentages of 60.2 and 59.0% in this study are higher than the values = reported=20 for the Southern Anatolian Red and their Holstein crossbreds (ALPAN and = SEZGIN,=20 1976) and are similar to pure Simmentals (MAZUROWSKI et al., 1995). The = ratio=20 between fresh skin mass and live slaughter mass was 8.2%. This value was = reported to be 8.8% for Holstein =D7 Southern Anatolian Red crosses and = 10.3% for=20 pure natives (ALPAN and SEZGIN, 1976). The Southern Anatolian Red has = loose skin=20 and a large skin surface area which assists the animal in high skin = respiration=20 and resistance to high environmental temperatures (ALPAN, 1972). =

The ratio of total = abdominal and pelvic=20 fat to carcass weight was found to be 4.6%. This value is smaller than = in=20 Southern Anatolian Reds and their Holstein crossbreds. Also, the average = slaughter mass of the Simmental crosses in this study was about 175 kg = higher=20 than the reported values of Holstein crossbreds (ALPAN and SEZGIN, = 1976).=20 Although Simmental crosses were heavier, they deposited less fat than = Holstein=20 crosses. Fat deposition in the body is influenced by various genetic and = environmental factors. A leaner carcass is more economical for the = producer and=20 is also preferred by the consumer. This represents an advantage for = Simmental=20 crosses. The bone mass and bone to carcass ratio in Simmental crosses = were=20 similar to those of Holstein crosses. The ratios of prime cuts and = saleable meat=20 to carcasses were higher in Simmental crosses than in the Southern = Anatolian=20 Red, Holstein and Holstein =D7 Southern Anatolian Red crosses (ALPAN and = SEZGIN,=20 1976). All these findings favour Simmental crosses for the purpose of = dairy beef=20 production.

In conclusion, the = Simmental genotype=20 made remarkable contributions to its crossbred generation with the = Southern=20 Anatolian Red with regard to growth and fattening characteristics. Also, = this=20 represented the first stage in the development of a new breed of = dual-purpose=20 cattle, giving priority to beef characteristics and suitability to = environmental=20 temperatures in the south-eastern regions of Turkey. The target of the = programme=20 is to vreate a genetic combination of about two-thirds Simmental and = one-third=20 Southern Anatolian Red. In the second stage of the project, milk = production of=20 f1 crossbreds and growth and longevity of a first backcross generation = to=20 Simmental will be studied.

Acknowledgements
This = project was=20 supported by Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Council, Project = No.=20 VHAG-950.

References =

AKCAN, A., O. ALPAN = (1984): Some=20 productive characteristics in Holsteins and their crosses with Southern=20 Anatolian Red. II. Fattening and carcass characteristics. Doga, Turkish = Journal=20 of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 8, 228-236.

AKCAN, A., O. ALPAN, V. = HALICIOGLU=20 (1991): Health statistics of Holstein, SAR and H =D7 SAR crossbred = cattle raised=20 at Cukurova State Farm. Journal of Lalahan Livestock Research Institute = 31,=20 26-41.

ALPAN, O. (1972): Some = physiological=20 reactions of Holstein (H), Southern Anatolian Red (SAR) and H =D7 SAR = heifers to=20 the environmental temperature. Journal of Faculty of Veterinary = Medicine,=20 University of Ankara 19, 318-337.

ALPAN, O., Y. SEZGIN = (1976): Feedlot=20 performance and carcass characteristics in Holstein, Southern Anatolian = Red and=20 H =D7 SAR crossbred yearling bulls. Journal of Elazig Faculty Veterinary = Medicine=20 2, 9-15.

ANONimous (1994): Turkish = livestock=20 strategy study report. FAO. Ankara.

COMERFORD, J. W., L. = BERTRAND, L. L.=20 BENYSHEK, M. JOHNSON (1987): Reproductive rates, birth weight, calving = ease and=20 24^-th calf survival in a four-breed dialled among Simmental,=20 Limousine, Polled Hereford and Brahman beef cattle. Journal of Animal = Science=20 64, 65-76.

DALTON, D. J., K. E. = JURY, R. HALL=20 (1975): Growth rate and estrous behaviour of Friesian, Hereford =D7 = Friesian,=20 Simmental =D7 Friesian and Angus heifers. Procceedings New Zealand = Society of=20 Animal Production 35, 129-136.

DELIOMEROGLU, Y. (1993): = The adaptation=20 and production performances of imported Simmental cattle at Kazova State = Farm.=20 Doctorate Thesis. Ankara University, Health Sciences Institute, 72 pp.=20

ERTUGRUL, O. (1993): Some = productive=20 characteristcs of Southern Anatolian Red cattle at Ceylanpinar State = Farm.=20 Journal of Lalahan Livestock Research Institute 33, 28-38.

KRAEUSLICH, L. (1982): = Rinderzucht.=20 Verlag Eugene Ulmer. Stuttgart.

KRESS, D. D., D. E. = DOORNBOS, D. C.=20 ANDERSON, D. ROSSI (1992): Performance of crosses among Hereford, Angus = and=20 Simmental cattle with different levels of Simmental breeding. VI. = Maternal=20 heterosis of 3 to 8 year old dams and the domnance model. J. Anim. Sci. = 70,=20 2682-2687.

LEDERMANN, A. (1994): = Results of milk=20 recording of Simmental cows in Switzerland in 1993-1994. Schweizer = Fleckvieh 7,=20 52-93.

MAZUROWSKI, L. Z., N. = KADISOVA, S. D.=20 TYULEBAEV (1995): Carcass traits of Simmentals. Zootekhnia 3, 9-11. =

MEACHAM, N. S., D. R. = NOTTER (1987):=20 Heritability estimates for calving rate in Simmental cattle. J. Anim. = Sci. 64,=20 701-705.

SEZGIN, Y. (1976): Body = form and some=20 productive characteristics of Holstein (H), Southern Anatolian Red (SAR) = and H =D7=20 SAR crossbreeds. Lalahan Zootechnical Research Institute Publication = Series No.=20 47.

WRAY, N. R., R. L. QUASS, = E. J. POLLAK=20 (1987): Analysis of gestation lenght in American Simmental cattle. = Journal of=20 Animal Science 65, 970-974.

Received: 17 June = 1998
Accepted: 9=20 February 1999

ERTUGRUL, O., O. ALPAN, = M. UMAY, A.=20 BILKI, S. BULMUS: Poboljsanje nasljednih obiljezja junadi = juznoanatolijskog=20 crvenog goveda krizanjem sa simentalskim bikovima. Vet. arhiv 69, 17-28, = 1999.=20

SAZETAK =

Cilj ovod rada bio je = razvoj novog=20 genotipa goveda uporabom juznoanatolijskih crvenih krava i simentalskog = sjemena=20 za proucavanje nekih proizvodnih svojstava krizanaca F1 generacije. = Istrazivanja=20 su obuhvacala 50 juznoanatolijskih crvenih krava i 80 krizanaca. Sve = krave su se=20 otelile normalno i bez pomaganja. Do dobi od 18 mjeseci u zivotinja nije = bilo=20 ozbiljnih zdravstvenih problema. Prosjecne mase muske telade pri telenju = su bile=20 35,3=B10,8 kg, a zenske 32,8=B10,6 kg, i to je bilo statisticki znacajno = (P<0,05). U dobi od 18 mjeseci muzjaci su dosegli 516,4=B110,4 kg, a = zenke=20 445,3=B15,0 kg zive mase (P<0,01). Tov 10 muzjaka poceo je s masom od = 125 kg i=20 trajao do 550 kg. Randman u ovih krizanaca bio je 59,0%, od cega je na = kosti=20 otpadalo 17,3% meso 78,9% te na zdjelicnu mast 2,0%. Mesa prve = kategorije bilo=20 je 23,8%. Rezultati pokaziju da genotip simentalskog goveda pozitivno = doprinosi=20 juznoanatolijskom crvenom govedu za razvoj nove pasmine goveda s = dvostrukom=20 svrhom, a uz davanje prednosti proizvodnji junadi.

Kljucne rijeci: = govedo,=20 simentalac, juznoanatolijsko crveno govedo, krizanac, rast, tov, truplo=20