The Map of the Bosnia or Đakovo and Syrmia Diocese

The article describes the early thematic map of the Bosnia or Đakovo and Syrmia Diocese from the year 1826 (later in text Diocese of Đakovo and Syrmia). The map is a valuable historical document that elaborates more than just ecclesiastical contents. The diocese was partly situated in the area of today’s Republic of Croatia and Republic of Serbia. It is situated in the area surrounded by the rivers Sava, Drava and Danube which constitute the south, north and east borders of the diocese, whereas the west border roughly spreads from Slavonski Brod to Donji Miholjac. Possible map originals, as well as their authors, Demetrü Görög and Joannis Lipszky, are mentioned. The text contains the historical overview of development of the diocese. Ecclesiastical, secular and natural contents of the map are elaborated in detail. The legend is also translated and tabular views are given about different religions of the area.


INTRODUCTION
The article elaborates the map of the Bosnia or Đakovo and Syrmia Diocese, with the original title: "Mappa Dioecesium Bosnensis seu Diakovariensis et Syrmiensis". The authors of the map are Demetrü Görög and Joannis Lipszky, and the existing exemplars of the map are from 1826.
The map exemplars are stored at the Museum of Slavonia in Osijek in Croatia as well as at the Diocesan Archives in Đakovo. There are four equivalent maps at the Diocesan Archives, three exemplars are framed and the fourth is rolled up and stored in the archives.
This is a thematic map which specifically emphasizes ecclesiastical contents. The map contains abundant information about topographical, historical and toponomastical elements. All textual data included in the map is in Latin and this article provides its translation.  [1,2].

THE CONTENT OF THE MAP
The map is printed on one sheet. The dimensions of the useful map space are 80,8×50,7 cm, whereas the dimensions of the map including the ornamental frame are 95,7×56,4 cm [3] (in Fig. 1).
The map was made in the form of the so called insel map, i.e. the map does not include any outer content of the Diocese of Đakovo and Syrmia, except that of the area of Baranja. The remaining area, to the ornamental map's frame, contains different textual data and classicistic drawings. The outer part of the map's frame is shaped by a thicker contour frame and the inside of the frame includes stylized leaves on a hatched background.
The title of the map is placed in the upper left corner inside the rectangular vignette and except the title, the name of bishop Raffay, who ordered the map, is written. The coat of arms of bishop Raffay was printed above the map's title.
The Latin text is placed in the upper right part, which also includes all the other textual data, under the title "Nomina" -names. The text contains historical facts about significant places of the diocese; it is written within the drawing of the folded piece of paper. The approximate, shortened content is: Nomina -Names of old antique places, that had a diocese, abbey or praepositus in the area of these dioceses.  The legend and the colour legend are placed in the upper right part of the map sheet. After printing the map was additionally coloured by hand in order of better noticing the existing deaneries (in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, in Tab. 1 and Tab. 2). The applied symbols both for the ecclesial and the secular objects are replicative symbols [4].
The table with the archdeaconries, deaneries and parishes of the Diocese of Đakovo and Syrmia is placed in the bottom left corner of the map's sheet which also contains the statistical data about the number of members of the respective religions (Catholics, Greek Catholics, Orthodox, Lutherans, Calvinists and Jews) (in Tab. 3).
There is a short text above the table that reads: "CONSPEKTUS" -overview of the dioceses divided into four archdeaconries and distributed in the Syrmia County, partly in the Virovitica County, in the area of Vojna Krajina -Brod, Petrovaradin and partly in Gradiška.
The panorama of Đakovo is placed in the space between the table and the imprinted coats of arms, however in its map there are no additional explanations. The bishop's court is placed in the centre of the panorama with a late Baroque cathedral built after the liberation from the Turks. There is a Franciscan monastery with a facade of the Franciscan church on the left from the court. On the far left side there is a canonical curiae. On the right side from the bishop's court there are canonical curies and the beginning of the town is drawn. In the background of the panorama there is a drawing that symbolizes the wealth of the diocese (fields of grain, vineyards, fishing …).     In the central bottom part of the map there is a graphical scale in geographic or German miles that is framed with a rectangular vignette decorated with a drawing of leaves. The numerical scale is determined on the basis of the measures of the meridian arc lengths on the map [5], on the basis of graphical scale as well as on the basis of the relationship of the distances between the settlements on the map and the calculated distances from the known geodetic coordinates of churches in the villages (trigonometrical points). The rounded scale totals 1:250.000 (in Fig. 4). Diocese [3] Right from the graphical scale there is a beautifully drawn eight-pointed star which specifies the north direction.
In the bottom right corner there is a classicistic drawing of two land surveyors holding a stretched surveyor's chain.
In the beginning of the 19 th century, the Diocese of Đakovo and Syrmia bordered with the following counties and dioceses: on the north, along the river Drava it bordered with the Baranja County, on the northeast with the river Danube it bordered with the Bačka County i.e. the Archdiocese of Kaloča that is followed by the Diocese of Čanad. It bordered with the Kingdom of Bosnia along the river Sava on the south of the observed area, and it bordered with the Kingdom of Serbia from the mouth of the river Drina into the Sava to the mouth of the river Sava into the Danube. On the west from Valpovo on the Drava and to Dubočac on the Sava, it bordered with the Zagreb diocese and on the northwest with the Diocese of Pécs.

ASSUMED SOURCE MAPS
In the late 18th century, during the reign of czar Joseph II, the so called Josephinian topographical survey of the Croatian territories in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was conducted. In the period from 1764 to 1787 detailed topographic maps had been made in the scale 1:28 800 [6]. Certain authors had access to these maps and thus new topographic maps were created.
It is assumed that the Map of Hungary was the original map of the Map of the Bosnia or Đakovo and Syrmia Diocese, whose author was Joannis Lipszky, and its original title was "Mappa Generalis regni Hungariae". It was printed in Pécs in 1806 and it consisted of 12 sheets in scale 1:500 000 with the total dimensions 210×161 cm. The map was engraved by G. Prixner and F. Karaca. A possible original map might also be the first map of Hungary by Ignaz Müller "Mappa Geographica novissima Regni Hungariae", Vienna 1769, on 16 sheets, dimensions 248×204 cm, scale 1:375 000, engraved by I. C. Winkler [7,1,2,8].
Lipszky's Map of Hungary was made in a normal conical projection with the central meridian 38° from Ferro. The same cartographic grid was applied to the Map of the Bosnia or Đakovo and Syrmia Diocese.

ECCLESIASTICAL CONTENT
In the text that is printed on the map with the title "Nomina" (Names) there is numerous data about the foundation of the respective convents, about the repositioning of the seats of the dioceses over time and about the foundation of the respective dioceses. It is visible that the Diocese of Syrmia was renewed during the 13 th century under the Kaloča's archbishop Ugolin and in the late 18 th century the Diocese of Đakovo and the Diocese of Syrmia were unified. After the Bosnian bishops moved to Slavonia in 1239, Đakovo became the seat of the diocese [9,10,11].
The borders of the Diocese of Đakovo toward the Diocese of Zagreb were established in the middle of the 19 th century when the area surrounding Požega and the area surrounding Našice were annexed to the Diocese of Zagreb and the Diocese of Pécs was limited on the areas north of the river Drava.
When in 1826, the Map of the Bosnia or Đakovo and Syrmia Diocese appeared, the dioceses were divided into 4 archdeaconries and 9 deaneries and the 81 parishes are mentioned in table 3. The borders between the dioceses, archdeaconries and deaneries are shown with linear cartographic symbols and in order to enhance the visibility of the deaneries they were later highlighted by handcoloured additional lines along the linear graphic symbols.
The cartographic symbols for bigger and smaller cities are presented by clear drawings of church facades and on the map some other objects can also be seen: parish church, a branch with a church and without a church, monastery and convent, Orthodox, Greek Catholic, Lutheran, Calvin and Jewish religion (in Tab. 4).

SECULAR CONTENT
The secular content on the Map of the Bosnia or Đakovo and Syrmia Diocese is various. On the map Osijek, Petrovaradin and Zemun are shown as free royal towns and 7 settlements are included into bigger towns (Đakovo, Vinkovci, Vukovar, Ilok, Mitrovica, Ruma, Karlovci) and there are 12 smaller towns (Dalj, Brod, Nuštar, Sotin, Šid, Šarengrad, Kukojevci, Erdevik, Irig, Čerević, Kamenica, Slankamen). Villages are shown with cartographic symbols for parish churches and branches with or without churches.
Military fortresses are presented in the area of the towns Osijek, Šabac, Zemun, Beograd and Petrovaradin.
There were archeological sites in the area of Ilok, Bač and Morović and a tower in the area of SlobodnaVlast, Erdut, Kolođvar and Šarengrad.
The symbol for a menagerie can only be found in the area of Đakovo and Tenja.
The cartographic symbols for taverns can be found along these important traffic routes. Thus, there are 4 taverns on the route Osijek-Čepin, there are also 4 taverns on the route Osijek-Klisa, one tavern between Pačetin and Nuštar, and Gibarac and Erdevik, 2 taverns between Trpinja and Vukovar, one tavern in the area of Maradik and 4 taverns between Čerević and Kamenica.
The bridges on the map are shown in the area of Osijek on the river Drava, in the area of Petrovaradin on the Danube and two bridges in the area of Ašanj across the trench Jarčina.
Ferries can mostly be found on the Danube in the area of Dalj, Opatovac, Ilok, Neštin, Slankamen, Surduk, Karlovci and Čerević and on the Sava in the area of Belgrade.
There are many quays on the Drava in the area of Osijek, on the Danube in the area of Sarvaš, Aljmaš and Dalj, Vukovar, Opatovac and Šarengrad, Banovci and Neštin and in the area of Čerević. On smaller unnamed river courses and streams, quays are presented in the area of Đakovo and Vučevci, in the area of Bogdanovci, Tompojevci, Novaki, Privina Glava and Erdevik and in the area of Bešenovo.
There are letter signs in the legend which present the languages which were spoken in the respective places within the deanery. Thus, the Croatian language marked with the letter I. (Illyrian language) was spoken in all 9 deaneries, and the German language as official language marked with the letter G. was added to the cartographic symbols for bigger towns eg. Osijek, Đakovo, Brod, Vinkovci, Vukovar and Ilok. The period in which the map was published coincides with the Hungarian tendencies so that Hungarian language marked with the letter H. can be found near the following places: Osijek, Sotin and Kukojevci. The Albanian language marked with the letter C. (Climentinian language) can be seen in the area of the villages Herkovci and Nikinci near Mitrovica.

NATURAL CONTENT
The cartographic representation of the Earth's relief, waters and vegetation is considered to be natural content.
The relief is shown as a stretch of hills without marked altitude or relative heights because there were almost no original maps at that time. Hills are shown with slopes, the so called hachure, by means of which it is possible to develop space sense. There are no oronyms on this map.
The waters on the map are shown with river courses and streams, channels and swamps. Swamps are represented by horizontal dashed lines and they can be seen in the areas along the Danube, the Sava, in the area of Baranja, and by some forests (eg. Spačva).
Thus near Brod there is a swamp Mersonja and south from Osijek Kologyvar and Palacza. Channels are shown in the area of Sarvaš and in the area of BabinaGreda.
Rivers with a wider course (the Danube, the Drava, the Sava and other rivers closer to the river mouth) are shown as two lines, and the space in between is filled with a row of thin lines that follow the river course. Hydronyms which are exclusively in Latin stand for the following rivers: the Sava (Savus Fl.), the Drava (Dravus Fl.), the Danube (Danubius Fl.), and only the mouths of the Bosna and the Drina into the Sava, the Danube tributaries, the Vuka and the Tisa (Tibiscus Fl.), the Sava tributaries, the Bosut and the Berava and the Bosut tributaries the rivers Biđ (Bigi Fl.) and Spačva (Spacsva Fl.).

CONCLUSION
The Map of the Bosnia or Đakovo and Syrmia Diocese from 1826 is a valuable historical document which deals with ecclesiastical, secular and natural content of this area.
All natural and social sciences dealing with space use maps for acquiring knowledge of the interdependencies of various space objects, in order to detect, investigate and locate different thematic data, as well as to present specific intentions.
The Map of the Bosnia or Đakovo and Syrmia Diocese from 1826 is an example of the map that can be used for spatial analysis and researches, hypotheses proving and gaining new knowledge.
Since this paper involves translations of the Latin texts and statistical data presented inside and outside the map, it opens up new possibilities for further researches of past phenomena and conditions in the area, a historical overview of the diocese creation and similar.
Research work on any map, and also on this one, will continue as long as maps are needed and useful. By looking into the past, we can draw conclusions about changes that happened in the meantime and when is the right time to make a new version of a map.