Sport u urbanom pejzažu Zagreba i Splita Sport in the urban landscape of Zagreb and Split

This paper examines sports, cultural, historical, and urban geography to analyse hodonyms (names of streets and squares) and ergonyms (names of hospitality establishments) located in the proximity of sports centres. The research examines whether there is a link between the hodonyms and ergonyms associated with sports and the location of sports facilities. The starting point of this research was the assumption that spatial proximity influences the motivation for naming streets, squares, and hospitality establishments. Accordingly, this paper approaches the concept of sports in the urban landscape from a spatial aspect. Case studies were conducted in the two largest cities of the Republic of Croatia: the capital city Zagreb, and Split. The main methodological approach used in the analysis of data was statistical and interpretative. The research showed that there is a degree of association between hodonyms and ergonyms and the location of sports facilities. Sports transform and shape the urban landscape, not only the sports landscape (in the form of infrastructure), but also other parts of the city.

This paper examines sports, cultural, historical, and urban geography to analyse hodonyms (names of streets and squares) and ergonyms (names of hospitality establishments) located in the proximity of sports centres. The research examines whether there is a link between the hodonyms and ergonyms associated with sports and the location of sports facilities. The starting point of this research was the assumption that spatial proximity influences the motivation for naming streets, squares, and hospitality establishments. Accordingly, this paper approaches the concept of sports in the urban landscape from a spatial aspect. Case studies were conducted in the two largest cities of the Republic of Croatia: the capital city Zagreb, and Split. The main methodological approach used in the analysis of data was statistical and interpretative. The research showed that there is a degree of association between hodonyms and ergonyms and the location of sports facilities. Sports transform and shape the urban landscape, not only the sports landscape (in the form of infrastructure), but also other parts of the city.

Introduction
As a spatial phenomenon of human inhabitation, the city is one of the greatest challenges for geographers. The concentration of content, and the density and intensity of activities in cities is difficult to compare with other types of inhabited areas. The result of such interactions is reflected in the cultural, i.e. urban, landscape. All forms of written and visual messages in the public space comprise a segment of that cultural landscape, such as toponyms, traffic signs, advertisements, graffiti and more, and this can be referred to as sign geography (Weightman, 1988), linguistic landscape (Landry and Bourhis, 1997), scriptorial landscape (Gade, 2003), etc. The wealth of content in cities is indeed identified by these approaches, which have more or less successfully taken root in academic discourse. The linguistic landscape is an interdisciplinary approach, defined by Landry and Bourhis (1997) as a term that includes all linguistic signs in the public space of a geographic area. This concept has been the most widely accepted, forming within the contact zone of sociolinguistics, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, social psychology, geography, and other disciplines. However, the term linguistic landscaping should also be mentioned. It was first coined by David Lowenthal in 1962 in the context of home names (Lowenthal, 1962). Johanna Drucker also used the term "language in the landscape" (Drucker, 1984).
In comparison with other non-urban areas, toponyms in cities can be divided based on two characteristics: 1) the highest density of toponyms is found in cities (Savage, 2009), and 2) they are often changed, i.e. renamed (Vannieuwenhuyze, 2007). As a reflection of this, the attention of geographers has primarily been drawn to urban toponyms (also called urbanonyms), and most researchers are occupied with the topic of renaming, following changes in power and ideology (see Rose-Redwood et al., 2010), while other processes have been neglected. Furthermore, the process of renaming that has been the focus of numerous authors was one of the key components of the critical turn in toponymic studies in the 1990s and 2000s (Giraut and Houssay-Holzschuch, 2016). As the number of papers addressing the issues of renaming has increased substantially, Giraut and Houssay-Holzschuch (2016) consid-čak smatraju da je važno napraviti distinkciju između onih koji se bave toponimima i onih koji se bave preimenovanjima.
In addition to hodonyms, as official parts of the city infrastructure in the urban landscape, there is also a wealth of informal geography that is not determined by city authorities. This is seen in part in chrematonyms, as names which do not fall within either toponymy or anthroponymy, and as such are less of a pronounced subject of interest in onomastics (Šimunović, 2009;Skračić, 2011), and geography. Ergonyms are a type of chrematonym that have received little attention in geography to date (e.g. Zelinsky, 1980;1992;Šakaja, 2003;2005). There is no uniform application of the term "ergonym". They are defined as names of all types of organizations, societies, firms, companies, political parties, etc. (Podol'skaja, 1988(Podol'skaja, , as cited in Šakaja, 2003Kryukova, 2012;Akzhigitova and Zharkynbekova, 2014;Smirnova, 2017). According to the International Council of Onomastic Sciences, the term ergonym has a narrower meaning, and refers to the names of products or brands (ICOS, 2011). In addition to the definition as the names of commercial entities, they are also used in a broader sense to denote non-commercial institutions (e.g. schools, cultural places, churches, etc.) (Sjöblom, 2014). In some languages, the term chrematonym is used for this broader meaning (names of institutions, organisations, events, etc.) (compare with Šimunović, 2009;ICOS, 2011). As with urban toponyms, despite representing an informal naming process, ergonyms are still an important part of the urban landscape. Their functions are numerous: they inform, advertise, identify, persuade (Smirnova, 2017), and therefore they create a richer overall city linguistic landscape, together with hodonyms.
Sports function as a symbolic resource for building collective identity (Blain, 2002). Construction of national identity through sports has two aspects: a) daily and procedural level through the use of national symbols, participation in international competitions, rounds of domestic leagues, etc.; and b) via extraordinary successes or failures experienced by every sport from time to time and which become a part of the collective memory (Horak and Spitaler, 2003). Collective identification, particularly when associated with success, makes people feel better and engenders a sense of place pride (Bale, 1993;. In the broader sense, sports encompass all forms of physical culture: physical education; sports; and recreation (Flander, 1984). Recreation includes all exercise and sporting activities for the purpose of maintaining health. Unlike sports, success is focused on maintaining and improving health (Ravlić, 2007). However, despite its massive popularity, recreational sports (e.g. jogging, walking, fishing) are insufficient to influence identification or generate a feeling of belonging to a city or nation (Bairner, 2009).
Sports are not only things that occur at certain places and times. They are also present in human imagination, conversation, social networks, friendships, mass media, and elsewhere (Crawford, 2004). People are surrounded by images and stories of sports throughout their daily lives, via advertisements, newspapers, radio, television, internet, and so on (Crawford, 2004). An example of the reflection of sports is the urban landscape. Sports play an important role in the structural and spatial shaping oblikovanju urbane sredine (Wilcox i Andrews, 2003). Najizrazitiji takav primjer jest infrastruktura (npr. stadioni, sportske dvorane, atletske staze, bazeni) (Sam i Hughson, 2010). Kao dio kompleksnoga gradskog pejzaža, sportski objekti su mjesta na kojima se prvenstveno prakticira bavljenje sportom (profesionalno ili rekreativno).
However, sport facilities (such as stadiums) can also be viewed as systems, characterised by generations of flows of people and spatial interaction (Bale, 1994). With their pseudo-religious connotations, they can create a feeling of place that almost feels like "home" (Bale, 1993). These are places that create feelings of belonging, feelings of participation in history, and feelings of historical continuity-a powerful component of experience. Collective energy, dreams, and aspirations are all stored within the stadium (Gaffney and Bale, 2004). The stadium is a unique container filled with collective emotion and energy, generating experiences that are as diverse and complex as the visitors that periodically visit (Gaffney and Bale, 2004). The historical nature of stadium events provides those who witnessed and helped to create a given event to share awareness of it to those who were not present at the stadium to participate in the collective history (Gaffney and Bale, 2004). Accordingly, this is not simply infrastructure; this is a place with a social life. Therefore, sports in the cities are becoming a topic of increasing interest for researchers (see Sam and Hughson, 2010;Schimmel, 2015;Bramham and Wagg, 2016;Koch, 2018;Latham and Layton, 2020). Despite the many crossover points between geography and sports, the study of sports only became included in academic research in the 1980s. In response to the sports boom of the 1990s and 2000s, sports have become a cultural phenomenon that has also captured the interest of geographers 1 . One of the key concepts in geography, and also in sports geography, is location. Sports geography poses the questions of what is situated around stadiums, which spaces are connected with stadiums, and where they are situated (Gaffney, 2014). In the context of the urban landscape, parallel with the growing interest for studying the modification HRVATSKI GEOGRAFSKI GLASNIK 83/1, 135−155 (2021.) kacije kulturnoga pejzaža, tj. konkretno prodajom imena (stadionima 2 ) u fokusu su se našli i sportski objekti, tj. tema njihova (pre)imenovanja (npr. Boyd, 2000;Crompton i Howard, 2003;Leeds i dr., 2007;Reysen i dr., 2012;Church i Penny, 2013; Woisetschläger i dr., 2014; Anestos i dr., 2016; Medway i dr., 2019) iako je taj proces započeo još 1970-ih (Rose-Redwood i dr., 2010). Do tada toponimima čija su imena motivirana sportom (sportskim toponimima) gotovo uopće nije bila posvećena pažnja.
The aim of this study is to examine part of this gap, where sports, cultural, historical and urban geography meet, to analyse the hodonyms and ergonyms located around sports centres. The research aims to test whether there is a link between the hodonyms and ergonyms relating to sports, and the location of sports facilities. For toponyms outside cities, they are often associated with the context of the settlement (its surroundings), though in this case we expected this would be the case for both ergonyms and hodonyms. It is assumed that spatial proximity influences the motivation behind naming streets and squares, and also hospitality establishments. In this way, the focus was placed on the intended purpose of the structure and the names of hodonyms and hospitality establishments with respect to the type of sport. The second aim was to classify hodonyms and names of hospitality establishments associated with sports to areas of a specific city. The analysis also included a comparative analysis between the cities of Zagreb and Split. This analysis was intended to answer one of the set research questions, which is also a fundamental issue in sports geography: how have sports influenced and transformed the landscape? (Gaffney, 2014).
The case study was conducted in Zagreb, the largest city and the capital of the Republic of Croatia, and in Split, as the country's second largest city. According to the 2011 census, the population of Zagreb is 688,163 and Split is 167,121 (CBS, 2013). Sports are very popular in Split, and its residents deem it to be the "sportiest city in the world". Supporting this claim of the sporting character of Split is the fact that athletes from Split

Metode
Prikupljanje hodonima obavljeno je s pomoću dostupnih popisa ulica za Zagreb i Split, a osim toga korištena je i metoda terenskoga obilaska. Kao izvor podataka za službenu gradsku toponimiju poslužio je gradski stradarij (popis gradskih ulica i trgova). U Zagrebu je tako od 3906 imena Olympic medals (Muzej sporta Split, 2021). Urban toponyms of Zagreb and Split have been the subject of research, either individually or in combination with other cities. Zagreb's toponyms were examined by: Rihtman-Auguštin, 2000;Marjanović, 2007;Stanić et al., 2009;Stiperski et al., 2011;Šakaja and Stanić, 2011;Vretenar and Krajina, 2016;Šakaja and Crljenko, 2017. Zagreb and Split's urbanonyms were analysed by Grgin, 2007;Crljenko, 2012, while Split's toponyms were discussed by Mirošević, 2011, andMirošević andBorzić, 2014. Most of these papers address the intriguing topic of renaming hodonyms, in line with global geography trends. Among the papers on ergonyms, there was a study on the names of hospitality establishments in Croatia conducted by Šakaja (2004). However, in both segments of the study-hodonyms and ergonyms-the spatial aspect is rarely in the focus. Despite numerous general papers on urban toponyms, spatial aspects have only been highlighted in a handful. González Faraco and Murphy (1997) compared the differences in the renaming of peripheral and central streets in a city, Alderman (2003) applied the geographic scale, i.e. size (street length and width), to the level of prominence in the city hierarchy (frequent and less busy streets), and the relationships that streets create between people and places in the city. Light (2004) analysed the changes of names (ratio) with regard to distance from the city centre, while Radović (2008) and Šakaja and Stanić (2011) considered the transfer of toponyms between the city centre and periphery. Šakaja and Crljenko (2017) analysed changes in the city periphery, while Gnatiuk and Glybovets (2020) studied whether more important parts of the city have a higher symbolical importance during renaming processes. This paper, as stated above, looks at the example of sports in the urban landscape from the spatial aspect.
The basic methodological approach used in the analysis of data is both statistical and interpretive. The statistical method classified the data into categories, and performed analyses. The interpretive method examined the context of names pertaining to sports to determine the "sports identity".
Throughout this paper, the term urbanonym is used as a broad term for all the toponyms in the city. The term hodonym is used for the share of urbanonyms that are names of public areas in the city, such as streets, squares, passages, etc. (see Room, 1996). Since the term ergonyms is narrower than the term chrematonyms, we opted for its use even though it is perhaps not strong enough to cover areas that pertain to the names of hospitality establishments (cafes, bistros, restaurants, taverns, etc.). It should also be note that in some cases, the name of the hospitality entity differs from the name of the owner (legal entity).

Sports hodonyms
In Zagreb, 49 of the total 3,906 hodonyms were recognised as being named after sports. According to the type of hodonym, the highest number of names dedicated to sports were streets (37), followed by three passages, two squares and two plateaus; while avenues, roads, stairs, hills, and parks each featured one sports-related name. The highest number of hodonyms (41) were named after people, and this could be categorised in several ways. The highest number of street names (33) was named after athletes (31 men and two women). It should be noted that some of these streets were named after people who were once active athletes and later sports officials (e.g. Ante Pandaković) (see: Grad Zagreb, 1982), or athletes who successfully competed in multiple sports (e.g. Predrag Heruc). Only two female athletes had streets named after them (Marica Barić Street and Zulejka Stefanini Tućan Street). All these hodonyms belong to the commemorative toponyms type (compare with the typology of Stewart, 1975or Randall, 2001. In addition to the fundamental orientation function, such toponyms also provide a symbolic function (Azaryahu, 1996). These symbols, together with signs and artefacts, play a central role in the development of sports culture, tradition, and myths ( Jarvie, 2006). Additionally, the joint collective awareness, as one of the constitutive elements of the nation 'crystallises around symbols that represent the community' (Canivez, 2017, 11). Sports are an integral part of the collective identity and a source of national pride, and exceptional individuals are key, as they become icons capable of representing the entire collective (Hassan, 2013). Such people have been called sports legends, idols and icons, and they symbolise the identity of the sports nation (Allen, 2013). Sports successes are also ascribed to those who secure victories on the "battlefield" on behalf of the nation. Since they are part of the national team, a selected line-up that represents the country and the nation, each athlete is "one of us". This is an additional function of toponyms associated with the sports legends, as we recall their sporting successes (either individual or as a team), as well as the sporting successes of the nation and cities along with the athlete/team's character. Toponimi se u pravilu posvećuju mrtvima koji tek tada simbolički "ulaze u povijest", a ujedno više ne mogu ukaljati svoju prošlost koja bi ih eventualno isključila s popisa "zaslužnih osoba". Pri imenovanju hodonima zamijećen je još jedan element. Naime, komemoracija se posebno ističe kod sportaša koji su nesretno poginuli za vrijeme karijere ili čak tijekom sudjelovanja u sportskom natjecanju. Takvi su slučajevi biciklista Vida Ročića koji je poginuo na samoj utrci u Kairu (Egipat), Marice Barić i Radoslava Cimermana koji su poginuli na treningu i košarkaša Dražena Petrovića koji je poginuo na povratku s kvalifikacijske utakmice za europsko prvenstvo. Marijan Dragman, Boris Hanžeković, Ladislav Štritof i Predrag Heruc ubijeni su u Drugom svjetskom ratu.
In several cases, the very location of the toponym has a dual symbolic role: in addition to evoking the athlete, due to its proximity to the sporting facility, it also evokes an event in the past associated with the naming. For example, the road leading to the main entrance of the hippodrome was named after Radoslav Cimerman, who died at the hippodrome in 1974. Accordingly, if we accept Young's (1993) distinction of monuments that represent success and memorials that commemorate a tragic event, the plaque bearing the road's name is not only a small monument to Cimerman, but can also be considered a memorial. The names of deceased members of the community (in this case athletes) bring us together in the concept of the nation, which, unlike the people as a community of current citizens, represents a historical community including all past generations (Canivez, 2017). Furthermore, at the Jarun Recreational Sports Centre, we find Matija Ljubek Avenue, which connects it with the canoe club that is headquartered here. In 1981, the Republic Championship was held at Jarun Lake, where Matija Ljubek won three gold medals. The next example is the Markuševec neighbourhood, where we find Vid Ročić Street, named after the cycling legend who grew up in this part of the city 3 . In that way, these examples show the concept of geographical memory, or social memory associated with a specific place 4 . Through the naming of urban toponyms, athletes V. Prelogović N. Glamuzina
After athletes, coaches are the next most common persons, with five hodonyms (Vinko Tomljanović, August Piazza, Hinko Würth, Luka Kaliterna, Velimir Kljaić), followed by sports officials with two streets (Dragutin Smiljan, Franjo Bučar). One street has also named after sports reporter Hrvoje Macanović. In the category of other hodonyms not named after people, one road is named after a sports club (Ulica Hrvatskog sokola), and seven hodonyms are named after the sports themselves (Veslačka ulica, Kajakaški prilaz, Koturaška ulica, Ribički prilaz, Skijaški brijeg, Skijaški prilaz, and Streljačka ulica). For all these hodonyms named after sports, the motif for the name was tied to the location. These are associative toponyms based on occasional activities that are or were carried out at that location (see Stewart, 1975or Randall, 2001. Koturaška ulica or Cycling Street was named after the sport of cycling (kotur is an old Croatian word for wheel or bicycle, which gave rise to the word koturanje meaning cycling). At this site, there was once a velodrome (elliptical cycling track venue). Skijaški brijeg (Skiing Hill) is a place where people once skied. At the Jarun Sports Recreation Centre, Kajakaški prilaz (Kayaking Passage) leads to the Končar canoe club and the site on the lake where kayak and canoe training is held. Skijaški prilaz (Skiing Passage) was named after water-skiing, while Ribički prilaz (Fishing Passage) was named after fishing. Veslačka ulica (Rowing Street) is found next to the Sava River, and leads to the premises of the Zagreb Rowing Club. Streljačka ulica (Shooting Street) leads to a place which once housed a shooting gallery. The gallery was constructed in 1838, and at the time was the hub of the local social scene. Some streets have since lost the function they were named after (Koturaška ulica, Streljačka ulica, Skijaški brijeg), and today the name remains as a memory of the activities that once took place there. There is another detail relating to hodonyms named after sports: unlike commemorative sports, they are not necessarily associated with competitive or professional sports, but can also be tied to recreational sports. HRVATSKI GEOGRAFSKI GLASNIK 83/1, 135−155 (2021.) Raznovrsnost zagrebačkih hodonima potvrđena je zastupljenošću čak 24 različita sporta. Sudeći po hodonimima, najpopularniji je nogomet s osam ulica (tab. 1). Slijede biciklizam i stolni tenis s četiri ulice, košarka, rukomet i tenis s tri, atletika, The diversity of Zagreb hodonyms has been confirmed by the representation of 24 different sports. In judging by the hodonyms, the most popular sport is football, with eight streets (Tab. 1), followed by cycling and Source: field survey Note: One street represents two sports (Herucova Street: handball and skiing), one street was named after a sports club, one after a sports reporter and two after sports officials. Kayaking also includes canoeing.

Sport u urbanom pejzažu Zagreba i Splita
Sport in the urban landscape of Zagreb and Split
The most sports hodonyms are found in the Trešnjevka-south neighbourhood (32 or 65.3%), due to the location of the city's largest sports and recreation centre, Jarun Lake. This is followed by Trešnjevka-north (4), Upper Town-Medveščak (3), , Trnje (2), Podsused-Vrapče (2), Novi Zagreb-east (1), Maksimir (1), and Podsljeme (1) (Fig. 1). Unlike Zagreb, Split has a surprisingly small number of street names associated with sports. Of the 508 hodonyms, only three are named after sports. Ulica Osmih mediteranskih igara (Eighth Mediterranean Games Street) was named after this sporting event from 1979. The remaining two hodonyms are both associated with former players of Hajduk Split (one would also go on to coach Hajduk): Prilaz braće Kaliterna (Kaliterna Brothers Passage) and Ulica Bernarda Vukasa (Bernard Vukas Street). It is interesting that there are also streets in Zagreb (at Jarun Lake) named after Bernard Vukas and Luka Kaliterna. Ulica Osmih mediteranskih igara leads towards Poljud Stadium, where the opening ceremony of the 8 th Mediterranean Games was held in 1979.

Sports in the names of hospitality establishments
While hodonyms are a reflection of the collective identity, the names of hospitality establishments are a reflection of the motivations of the owner. The naming of hodonyms passes through an official naming process that is under the jurisdiction of local authorities (municipalities, cities), while ergonyms are unofficial. To a certain extent, the names of hospitality establishments must meet certain criteria to be successful in attracting guests. They are similar to slogans -short, attractive phrases that embody the entire vision of a place (Kotler et al., 1993). As a rule, these names are simple, short and unique, i.e. they must differ from other establishments in the same area.
Pubs, taverns, and guesthouses have always been closely associated with sports (Collins and Vamplew, 2000). These are places where sports are read about I. Zupanc V. Prelogović N. Glamuzina
In the City of Zagreb, we identified 25 hospitality establishments surrounding the largest sports complexes that have names associated with sports, while in Split only eight were identified. The analysis showed that there is a link between the intended use of the sports facility, i.e. sports carried out at a certain locality and the name of the hospitality entity. Near the football stadiums, the names of hospitality establishments are associated with local clubs (dinamo in Zagreb and Hajduk in Split), or are associated with characteristics of local clubs (e.g. with jersey colour: restaurant Zagrebački BI-JELI (Zagreb Whites) near the stadium used by FC Zagreb, or Bila boja (White Colour) in Split near Poljud Stadium used by HNK Hajduk Split). Names were also found to bear elements of the game of football (e.g. Korner [Corner] and Kontra [Counterattack] in Split), or were named after the nickname of the footballer who is owner of the establishment (e.g. cafe Koma; cafe Mara now called Club 5). Around the Dražen Petrović Basketball Centre, names associated with basketball are found, such as Amadeus, MVP, Heja Heja Cibosi. 5 The name or nickname of an athlete from the period of their sports career is also a common motif in naming (e.g. cafe Amadeus, cafe Koma, pizzeria Dragaš). This form of name makes an association with the person's career at the point when this nickname arose or became famous, and as such contains dose of intimacy and familiarity, marking the point in time when a nickname became publicly known (Barthes, 2009 Najbrojnija je skupina imena koja asociraju na neki sport. Takva su npr. imena Sportivo, Point (sport općenito), Potkova (konjički sport), Velum (lat. = jedro), Skipper (jedrenje), Maratonac (sudionik utrke maratona), ICE (klizanje, hokej), Žabac (maskota vaterpolskoga kluba), Bumerang. Metonimija u imenima ugostiteljskih objekata funkcionira upravo zbog lokacije, tj. prostorne bliskosti. Primjerice, ime restorana Potkova imalo bi sasvim drugačiju konotaciju da se ne nalazi pokraj zagrebačkoga hipodroma, kao in numerous sports, we find the more general sports names, such as Point or Sport Billy 6 , and more specific names such as Maratonac or ICE 7 .
Sportski objekti mogu se promatrati kao "gravitacijski centri" u odnosu na ovdje promatrane ergonime (ugostiteljske objekte), s druge strane ergonimi mogu biti pokazatelji ekstenzije sportskih centara. Imena ugostiteljskih objekata koja u sebi sadrže sportski motiv u pravilu odgovaraju namjeni sportskih objekata (vrsti sporta) u čijoj se blizini nalaze. Kod ugostiteljskih objekata klasifikacija je raznovrsnija i obuhvaća imena koja se odnose na: ent connotation if it were not right next to the Zagreb Hippodrome; the same is true for the cafe Point next to Dom Sportova, the restaurant Tribina (Grandstand) next to the rowing track, or the cafe Beach Champ next to the beach volleyball courts at the Jarun Sport and Recreation Centre. The landscape serves as a context for the language, and in that way, it changes our perceptions (Drucker, 1984). Many names are comprised of a single word, and often are in English. In addition to the international character of sport, as a global language, English gives a cosmopolitan flair (Seargeant, 2012;Curtin, 2014;Puzey, 2018). Accordingly, the following names are popular: Point; Beach Champ; Dribbling; Jockey Club; Hockey Bar Champion; As (Ace); MVP and ICE in Zagreb, or Tennis, Grand Slam and Skipper in Split.

Conclusion
The research showed that to a certain extent, there is a link between the hodonyms and names of hospitality establishments with the location of sports facilities. For streets and squares named after sports, the idea functions with a certain spatial logic. This is based primarily on proximity to the sports facility, the neighbourhood of origin of the athlete, the site of the greatest success or of the tragic death of an athlete for commemorative toponyms, or with an association of a sporting activity that is carried out at that site, or was in the past (for associative toponyms). The typology of commemorative sports toponyms found in this study is based on the motivation of naming after: a) athletes; b) coaches; c) sports officials; d) sports reporters; and e) sporting events. Among the hodonyms associated with sports, the most common reflect a connection with football. Interestingly, judging by the hodonyms, it could be concluded that collective identity is rooted more strongly in sports in Zagreb than it is in Split.
Sports facilities can be viewed as "gravitational centres" in relation to the ergonyms observed (hospitality establishments), while on the other hand, ergonyms can be indicators of the extensions of sports centres. The names of hospitality establishments based on sports motifs, as a rule, correspond to the intended use of the sports facilities (types of sports played) near the establishment. For catering establishments, this classification is more diverse and encompasses HRVATSKI GEOGRAFSKI GLASNIK 83/1, 135−155 (2021.) a) sportaše (nadimak, prezime), b) klubove, c) navijačke himne, d) maskote, e) sportske nagrade, f ) element igre, g) dio terena, h) ostale simboličke asocijacije (Beach Champ, Potkova, Point, Sport Billy, Grand Slam).
While ergonyms are dedicated to the present day or are timeless (neutral), hodonyms are most often motivated by the past and, as a rule, represent what could be considered commemorative success. Though commemorational toponyms show a greater tendency to change (David, 2011), it can be expected that sports toponyms of that type will be more resilient to such changes, as they are a less conflictive resource in identity building. Using hodonyms dedicated to sports builds and maintains a feeling of pride and with that, identity, and sports successes become mythologised. In this process, sports transform and shape the urban landscape not only in the sports landscape (infrastructure), but also in other parts of the city. Sports give the space meaning, and turn it into a place. We may occasionally be undecided as to whether sports are a part of culture; however, names motivated by sports have certainly become part of the cultural sphere as part of the urban landscape.