Comparative analysis of Jewish heritage tourism research methods

tourism, Jewish heritage has become a visible component in destinations, which has led to the renovation of synagogues, opening of Jewish museums, organization of festivals, and also to the gentrification of neglected Jewish quarters in many European cities. The goal of this paper is to analyse the most common methods, selection of stakeholders, elements, research locations and spatial scope used in studies of Jewish heritage tourism. The analysis includes 28 scientific papers from databases and focuses on the research methods used in those papers. The results show that the most common methods used in studies of Jewish heritage tourism are content analysis and interviews. These methods have proven to be suitable for determining the state and representation of Jewish heritage in each destination, while for a higher level of integration of Jewish heritage in tourism, other methods are more appropriate.

Ključne riječi: turizam židovske baštine, kulturni turizam, metode istraživanja, Židovi, Europa Jewish heritage tourism is a relatively new form of niche tourism which appeared in Europe in the 1990s, because of a renewed understanding of cultural and historical values of Jewish heritage.By its inclusion in tourism, Jewish heritage has become a visible component in destinations, which has led to the renovation of synagogues, opening of Jewish museums, organization of festivals, and also to the gentrification of neglected Jewish quarters in many European cities.The goal of this paper is to analyse the most common methods, selection of stakeholders, elements, research locations and spatial scope used in studies of Jewish heritage tourism.The analysis includes 28 scientific papers from databases and focuses on the research methods used in those papers.The results show that the most common methods used in studies of Jewish heritage tourism are content analysis and interviews.These methods have proven to be suitable for determining the state and representation of Jewish heritage in each destination, while for a higher level of integration of Jewish heritage in tourism, other methods are more appropriate.

INTRODUCTION
During the period after Second World War, and until the fall of communism, little to no attention was paid to Jewish heritage, especially as it relates to tourism.Starting in the 1990s, its historical and cultural value began to be acknowledged, which is when both Jewish heritage and the Holocaust became a recognizable part of national and local histories, regardless of whether any local Jewish communities were present or not.Jewish heritage in Europe represents 'the legacy of a minority, which either disappeared, in some cases even centuries ago, or is now represented by small groups of people with high median age and advanced degrees of assimilation' (Corsale, 2017).Material Jewish heritage was once part of the European urban space, while today it is unused and often represents a problem for the local community.The problems that appear in this context are unresolved property issues, decision-making regarding the person/body responsible for the heritage, payment of upkeep fees for graves with no descendants, etc.European Jewish communities are usually too small to maintain such infrastructure, which poses the question of what to do with such heritage, and also who should manage it.A solution may lie in tourism valorisation because, in this way, the heritage may be preserved and protected.Accordingly, the Council of Europe included sustainability of Jewish heritage as a cultural priority.There is also the European Route of Jewish Heritage program within the European Cultural Route managed by AEPJ (The European Association for the Preservation and Promotion of Jewish Culture and Heritage) (AEPJ, 2022).Under the influence of tourism diversification, a new form of niche tourism appeared-Jewish heritage tourism-in many European destinations.As a result, scientific research has also begun on this topic.
The purpose of this paper is to analyse most common methods used in the research of Jewish heritage tourism, together with their advantages and disadvantages.Apart from methods, the paper includes choice of stakeholders, elements, research locations and spatial scope.Jewish heritage tourism as a topic is quite new, but considering that there is already a considerable amount of papers, the need for a comparative analysis of the research that has been conducted to date has emerged.

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In the introduction, terms and approaches related to the research of Jewish heritage tourism valorisation are defined.The central part of the paper presents the main and most common methods used for the research of Jewish heritage tourism.The conclusion presents the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used.

Methodology
The comparative analysis includes searching for scientific papers related to studies directly dealing with Jewish heritage tourism or certain elements of Jewish heritage used for tourism purposes.The search was made using web-based search engines in the EB-SCO, Scopus and Web of Science international databases.During the search, the following keywords were used: Jewish heritage tourism, Jewish tourism.The search conducted in the databases identified a total of 129 papers.The first stage of the search identified papers which were published in English, dealt with Jewish heritage tourism (not Jewish tourism in Israel), and were scientific papers or chapters in a book.Recurring papers in database searches were excluded.The total number of papers corresponding to the given criteria is 28.The search was conducted in February 2022.The temporal scope of the papers spans from the 1990s ( Jewish heritage tourism was not a subject of scientific interest, nor was it a common practice, prior to this) to the time of writing.

Dissonant Heritage
Nearly every country possesses an ethnic or cultural heritage which differs from the ethnicity/culture and heritage of the majority population, and which is called minority heritage.Such heritage developed because of migrations during history.Minority heritage which contains 'conflictual feelings, tension, or discordance with regard to presentation of structures or symbols associated with a culture or religion which is not your own' is called dissonant heritage (Petrevska U uvodnom dijelu definirat će se pojmovi i pristupi vezani uz područje istraživanja turističke valorizacije židovske baštine.Središnji dio rada prikazuje najvažnije i najčešće korištene metode pri istraživanju turizma židovske baštine.U zaključku će se prikazati prednosti i nedostaci korištenih istraživačkih metoda.

Disonantna baština
Gotovo svaka država posjeduje baštinu koja se izdvaja od kulture i baštine većinskoga stanovništva i naziva se manjinska baština, a nastala je kao posljedica migracija stanovništva kroz povijest.Baština manjina koja sadržava "sukobljene osjećaje, napetost ili nesklad s obzirom na prezentaciju simbola povezanih s kulturom ili religijom koja nije vlastita" naziva se disonantna baština (Petrevska et al., 2018).Smatra se da će et al., 2018).Interpretation and management of heritage is considered to be dissonant if various groups ascribe different narratives or values to a certain object, locality or tradition.A critical approach towards minority heritage tourism, and thus towards dissonant heritage tourism, is encouraged, since it is considered that dominant groups assert their own heritage and vision of which elements make up the minority heritage.Questions are posed regarding what happens with dissonant heritage when it is under the influence of such a dominant group (Tunbridge and Ashworth, 1996;Dragičević Šešić et al., 2014;Corsale, 2021).The issue of minority heritage is sensitive in current or formerly multi-cultural areas where multiple identities interweave.In the context of dissonant heritage, the focus is on its interpretation, message and meaning, and on the reactions thereto (Corsale, 2021).Jewish heritage in Europe is a minority and dissonant heritage.

Jewish Heritage Tourism
Until the Second World War, Jewish people had a major influence on the economic, cultural and social aspects of life in Europe.Political decisions in Germany during the 1930s began undermining Europe's Jewish communities, which resulted in the collapse of most of them.After the Second World War, apart from human casualties, much material Jewish heritage, such as synagogues and graveyards, was destroyed, but some remained.From 1945 until the fall of communist regimes at the end of the 1980s and at the beginning of the 1990s, not much attention was given to Jewish heritage-either to its preservation and protection or tourism valorisation-and due to this, examples of neglect and sale of property or land are not uncommon.In this period, Jewish heritage had almost no tourism role, except several famous places: the old Jewish area in Prague, the synagogue in the Venetian ghetto, and the Ancient Judería of Toledo (Sandri, 2013).The first hints of Jewish heritage tourism appeared in Morocco, where attention had been given to Jewish heritage since the 1970s, via better media coverage, scientific and literary publications, renovation of old synagogues and graveyards, and establishing a marketing for specialized Jewish heritage tours.Today, in Morocco, special Jewish heritage tours are of-tumačenje i upravljanje baštinom biti disonantno kad različite skupine pripišu različite narative ili vrijednosti određenom objektu, krajoliku ili tradiciji.Potiče se kritički pristup turizmu manjinske baštine, a time i disonantne baštine, jer se smatra da dominantne skupine nameću vlastitu baštinu i određuju koji će elementi činiti manjinsku baštinu, pri čemu se raspravlja što se događa s disonantnom baštinom kad je naslijedi (upravo takva) dominantna skupina (Tunbridge i Ashworth, 1996;Dragičević Šešić i dr., 2014;Corsale, 2021).Pitanje manjinskih baština osjetljivo je u sadašnjim ili bivšim multikulturalnim prostorima gdje se isprepleće više identiteta.Kod disonantne baštine naglasak je na njezinoj interpretaciji, kakva je poruka i značenje te kakve su reakcije (Corsale, 2021).Jedna od manjinskih i disonantnih baština jest i židovska baština.

Turizam židovske baštine
Židovi su do Drugoga svjetskog rata imali velik utjecaj u gospodarskom, kulturnom i društvenom aspektu života Europe.Političkim odlukama u Njemačkoj 1930-ih započelo je njihovo uništavanje koje je rezultiralo propašću većine europskih zajednica.Nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata, osim ljudskih žrtava, uništen je i velik dio materijalne židovske baštine, poput sinagoga i groblja, no ipak je ostalo izgrađenoga židovskog nasljeđa.U razdoblju od 1945.do pada komunističkih režima krajem 1980ih i početkom 1990-ih na židovsku se baštinu nije obraćalo puno pažnje -od očuvanja i zaštite do turističke valorizacije -stoga nisu rijetki primjeri zanemarivanja i prodaje objekata ili zemljišta.U tom razdoblju baština gotovo da i nema turističku svrhu, osim nekih poznatih mjesta kao što su staro židovsko područje Praga, sinagoge u venecijanskom getu, antička juderija iz Toleda (Sandri, 2013).Prve naznake turizma židovske baštine javljaju se u Maroku, gdje se od 1970-ih posvećuje pažnja židovskoj baštini porastom medijske pokrivenosti, znanstvenih i književnih publikacija, obnovom starih sinagoga i groblja, uspostavom marketinga specijaliziranih tura i sl.Danas se u Maroku 185 fered, including various sites such as renovated synagogues and graveyards, the Jewish quarter, the Jewish Museum etc. (Soussi, 2020).In Europe, interest for Jewish heritage appeared later, in the 1980s, with the first Jewish heritage tours being offered in Spain (Krakover, 2013), while in the rest of the Europe, the first tours appeared on the market in the 1990s.After the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe, Jewish heritage and the Holocaust became a part of national and local histories.Under the influence of tourism diversification, a new form of niche tourism within heritage tourism appeared: Jewish heritage tourism.The term was first used by Ashworth (1996) within the context of dissonant heritage.With its inclusion in tourism, Jewish culture became a visible component of heritage and identity.The reasons for increased interest in material Jewish heritage are the following: as a consequence of long-term guilt or unease related to history (dark tourism), and stereotyped nostalgia (Dulska, 2020).Parallel to this phenomenon, there has also been an increase in antisemitism, especially in countries that have not yet fully accepted historical accountability for Holocaust collaboration (Belarus, Croatia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Romania) (Corsale, 2017).The book Virtually Jewish (Gruber, 2002) was the first to point out a renewed interest in Jewish heritage in European countries, highlighting the development of Jewish heritage sites by other nationalities in the absence of Jewish people.
When defining Jewish heritage tourism, it is important to specify what Jewish heritage includes, in order to determine which elements a given destination contains.Elements forming Jewish heritage are the following: a Jewish quarter, a Jewish Museum, a synagogue, a local Jewish persona who lived in the town in the past, other minor objects, a square or a street bearing the name of a Jewish person, a Jewish graveyard, monuments, memorials (Krakover, 2013;Sandri, 2013).Jewish culture also includes Jewish art exhibitions, traditional music concerts, restaurants (Sandri, 2013).Places of Jewish heritage are characterized by being located outside of Israel and they are also automatically places of a national minority culture; that minority is frequently non-existent or consists of a small group of Holocaust survivors or their descendants; the central heritage object (typically a synagogue) is often situated in a small and unremarkable building and there are also smaller monuments related to Jewish culture: graveyards, Jewish streets and quarters, Holocaust memorials, and other symbols (Krakover, 2017).
In academic literature in English, Jewish heritage tourism has not been given much attention (Krakover, 2012), but several authors dealing with this topic stand out: John Ashworth (1996), Andrea Corsale (2017;2021), Noga Collins-Kreiner (2004), Magdalena Duda-Seifert (2016;2021), Ruth Ellen Gruber (2002), Shaul Krakover (2012;2013;2017), Jeffrey Podoshen (2011;2015;2017).Study areas in scientific papers are cities in which the Jewish population was significant before the Second World War, but has since largely or completely disappeared.Research is conducted regarding the measure in which Jewish heritage is used for tourism purposes in various cities, and the factors it depends upon in the context of cultural and heritage tourism.Most papers deal with the potential and models of Jewish heritage revitalisation for the purpose of tourism, as the most important factor (Sandri, 2013).Research shows that there is an awareness of the cultural and economic potential of this heritage (Corsale, 2017), where Jewish heritage may be an important segment of tourism in a destination, but it is only rarely a driving factor of local growth (Spain and Portugal) (Dinis and Krakover, 2016).European cities with rich Jewish heritage work on a diversification of tourist products, where they see cultural and tourism potential in Jewish heritage.However, certain cities lack recognizable Jewish buildings or museums.For instance, the synagogues located in Zagreb and Osijek were demolished (Corsale and Vuytsyk, 2018).The Zagreb Synagogue in Praška Street was demolished from October 1941 to the beginning of 1942, while the Osijek Synagogue in Upper Town was burned down in April 1941 and demolished in 1950 (Karač, 2020).Scientific papers imply that Jewish communities are not able to maintain a central role in decision-making, which leads to a discussion regarding who will manage Jewish heritage, since European Jewish communities, i Kajdanek, 2017).Obje skupine žele posjetiti i doživjeti specifičan ambijent židovskih četvrti, a interes može biti umjetnički i/ili arhitektonski.Razlika je u tome što nežidovski turisti imaju manje emocionalne veze s mjestima koja posjećuju, dok židovski turisti žele posjetiti mjesta s kojima su obiteljski povezani (genealoški turizam).Ponovno otkriće židovske baštine i kulture dolazi najviše od nežidova, a upravo je to dovelo do unutarnjega židovskog otkrivanja europskih korijena i baštine (Corsale, 2017).
The development of Jewish heritage tourism may lead to commodification, hierarchisation, seizure of property, marginalisation and incorrect interpretation, while simultaneously it may provide an opportunity for economic diversification, rediscovery of the past, acceptance of cultural differences, and inclusion of minority groups (Corsale and Krakover, 2019).It is considered that Jewish heritage and places of suffering should not be used in a manner identical to other tourist attractions, since this may lead to so-called pseudo nostalgia, which can lead to historical inaccuracies, false memory, and commodification (Gruber, 2002).Although memory and commemoration should be more important than entertainment, examples of commodification of Jewish heritage are common in Germany and Poland, where Jewish quarters have become so-called theme parks, unlike Sephardic heritage, which is nowadays promoted as entertainment (Tunbrigde and Ashworth, 1996).On the one hand, heritage is commercialised in Poland and Germany, while in Mediterranean cities, there has been a revitalisation of Jewish heritage.
The transformation of previous Jewish life and culture into heritage is done according to symbolic expectations and cultural requirements of non-Jewish people; efforts are made regarding tourist products, diversification, and the development of destinations (Corsale and Vuytsyk, 2018).The potential of Jewish heritage tourism is huge and, by facing the past, it contributes to the preservation of heritage (Corsale, 2017).Jewish heritage as a tourist attraction may be included as a new form of tourism or as an extension of the existing tourism supply.The basic form of Jewish heritage development for tourism purposes was proposed by Krakover (2017).
Krakover's model ( 2017) is divided into an initial and a mature phase, which differ from each other according to the type of visitors and demand for investment, and the phases themselves enable the planning of the valorisation of Jewish heritage.In the initial phase, the synagogue is the basic starting point for the development of Jewish heritage tourism, and the main stakeholders are the local tourist offices and the local Jewish community.This phase is characterized by the renovation and/or restoration of material heritage as well as listing and mapping heritage for the purpose of identifying attractions.Krakover (2017) states that in the early stages of Jewish heritage tourism, it is characteristic that entry to the synagogue is free, but donation boxes are set up, and there are typically shorter working hours.If the sale of tickets to visit the synagogue is introduced, it marks the formal inclusion of the synagogue as part of the city's tourism supply.With the introduction of tickets, regular working hours are also introduced.There is often a museum or a smaller museum display inside the synagogue with a display of local Jewish history that acts as a complement to the visit to the synagogue.dekoru, imena jela itd.(Gruber, 2002).Salamensky (2013) govori o Disney-dijaspori, razlikujući: Jewface (obuhvaća glazbu, ples, teatar, pri čemu nežidovi "postaju" Židovi) i Jewfacade (obuhvaća instalacije muzejskoga tipa) (Smith i Zátori, 2015).Istraživanje koje su proveli Podoshen i Hunt (2011) pokazuje da Židovi posjećivanje lokaliteta Holokausta smatraju previše bolnim te da je pogrešno da dio zarade od posjećivanja tih lokaliteta odlazima onima koji su djelomično odgovorni za Holokaust.
According to Krakover (2017), the mature phase of the development of Jewish heritage is marked by the supply enhancement, which implies the inclusion of smaller attractions related to Jewish heritage.This includes the minor points of interest (local Jewish cemetery, Holocaust memorial, etc.), prominent historical figures, and site-specific stories.In this phase, specialized tour guides appear, because a person is now needed who will connect visitors with added elements, and supplies for special needs (kosher food, hotels).Online and printed editions of brochures on Jewish heritage are usually published, and cities are connected with regional networks.

Methods Applied in Scientific Papers
At the initial stage of the research, it is necessary to determine the method of the research itself, which is based on the literature.The analysis of the elements of Jewish heritage used as study subjects and applied methodology may be used as a starting point for research in countries and places with Jewish heritage, in which it has not been recognized as a factor for restoration and involvement in tourism.Within the research conducted, the quantity of the methods used, their spatial scope, and the quantity and usage of certain elements of Jewish heritage have been analysed.
The analysis of articles determined the research methods used in the studies: observation method, interviews, surveys, focus groups, netnography and content analysis.All of the aforementioned methods, except netnography, include field research.It can be observed that a triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods is used in the studies, among which qualitative methods are dominant.Table 1 shows the authors of the papers, research methods used, and study location.
In the 28 analysed scientific papers, a total of 55 research methods are used, among which many are used multiple times.A combination of multiple methods within one study is also used.The most common methods are interview, observation, and content analysis (Dinis and Krakover, 2016;Corsale, 2017;Corsale and Vuytsyk, 2018;Corsale and Krakover, 2019;Corsale, 2021;Martinez-Arino, 2020).

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ods.Interviews were semi-structured and unstructured.Table 2 shows the stakeholders who participated in the interviews in the examined research.In half of the papers (6 out of 12) in which the interview method was used, persons from Jewish communities were interviewed, which points to the importance of monitoring the situation and including the Jewish heritage of a place.They are followed by local government representatives responsible for heritage and/or tourism (in 5 out of 12 papers), and local tour operators and curators (each in 4 papers).It is obvious that the state of Jewish heritage in tourism and its preservation is being monitored, as well as how the local community manages it.Along with formal, transcribed interviews, informal interviews were also conducted with the locals (Corsale, 2021).Within one study, a focus group consisting of the local population was used (Dulska, 2020).
With increasing use of modern technologies, studies are transposed into the online environment.Thus, netnographic research has appeared in the analysed studies.In the analysed studies, virtual communities are examined on the topics of Holocaust site tourism (Podoshen and Hunt, 2011) and the North American tourism market (Collins-Kreiner and Olsen, 2004).Jewish virtual communities in social media and blogs (Podoshen, 2017) are also observed via netnographic research.Collins-Kreiner and Olsen ( 2004) examined 50 tourist websites oriented to the Jewish market in the USA and Canada (which together make up 75% of the total Jewish diaspora).They analysed the types of tours offered, motivations for participating in certain tours, images associated with tours, market definitions and itineraries.Podoshen and Hunt (2011) use the forums Jewish Current Events and Religious Judaism, in which they enter the Jewish communities themselves in order to observe the narratives between the members of these forums.On the other hand, Podoshen (2017) used Jewish and Holocaust-themed Facebook communities, Reddit subreddits, blogs and virtual gathering places of Jews, in their analysis.Virtual Jewish communities are an important source, because they serve to connect the displaced Jewish community (genealogically, collective past), from which their motives, experiences, and reasons for visiting certain places can be researched.With the help of such virtual communities, it is easier to collect a large amount of data, and research can be constantly updated.

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Because Jewish heritage tourism is a relatively new type of tourism and it has not been studied as much, it is concluded that, in the so-called first phase (in which Jewish heritage sites are discovered), a relationship between the local government and community with the Jewish community is established, in the context of which qualitative methods are most often used.These methods represent the first step in the development of Jewish heritage tourism and, with its formation in a destination, quantitative methods for determining the advantages and disadvantages of the tourism supply itself may also be used.Going back to the first phase is not necessary, if a certain element of Jewish heritage is already implemented in tourism.
Instead of this, visitors should be examined.
The cities that have been selected for research are mostly state capitals.This is how the cities in Hungary were observed: Budapest, the capital city with the largest Jewish community, and Szeged, which also has an important community, while in other places the communities before Second world war were large and historically important.In North Macedonia, Skopje, Bitola and Štip had the largest and most important communities, although the North Macedonian Jewish community is small today.Even two studies were conducted for the city of Prague in the Czech Republic, which is also the capital and has the largest Jewish community.The situation is the same for Bucharest in Romania.In Serbia, Jewish heritage has been observed in its largest contemporary Jewish communities-Belgrade and Novi Sad-which are also historically important, while Subotica has a slightly smaller community, but also of great historical importance.In Poland, research was conducted in Krakow and Warsaw, which have the largest contemporary Polish Jewish communities, which are also of great historical importance.In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the cities of Sarajevo (which remained the centre of the country's Jewish community), Doboj, Mostar and Zenica were studied as formerly smaller but important communities.Vilnius has the largest Lithuanian Jewish community, while Kaunas is also historically important.

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In Ukraine, the largest communities have not been studied, but they are historical cultural centres and show the former size of the Ukrainian Jewish community.Smaller Jewish communities were studied in Croatia: Split, Rijeka, Dubrovnik, Bjelovar and Osijek (which at one point had the largest Jewish community in Croatia).
In Italy, the Jewish community in Syracuse was studied, as an example of restoration and return to Sephardic roots.There were almost no Spanish communities, but as part of the RED organization, the Jewish heritage in Córdoba, Hervás and Barcelona has been observed.A similar situation exists in Portugal, where Belmonte is being studied, a town where Judaism has been restored since the 1970s.Today's largest Jewish communities in individual countries are only a shadow of the communities that existed before the Second World War.

Conclusion
Based on the selected scientific papers, an overview of methodological approaches for the research of Jewish heritage tourism is given.This paper analyses the choice of methods, the observed elements of Jewish heritage and the location of research in studies dealing with Jewish heritage tourism or tourism valorisation of Jewish heritage.A comparative analysis determined that interviews and content analysis are the most frequently-used methods in the analysed papers.Using those methods, the answer to the most common research question related to Jewish heritage tourism may be obtained: how Jewish heritage is represented in tourism in a given destination.This is why interviews are conducted with stakeholders from the Jewish communities, but also from local governments and those working in culture and tourism.To start and develop Jewish heritage tourism, material heritage is required, followed by an evaluation of the current state and the possibilities related to its usage via observation.
Most studies deal with source analysis, interviews with important stakeholders and observation of Jewish heritage.Regardless of the small number of studies, future research of Jewish heritage tourism should focus more on studying Jewish heritage tourism visitors.This would lead to a construction of a visitor profile that includes their motivations, and to determining the role of U Ukrajini nisu proučavane najveće zajednice, međutim one su povijesni kulturni centri i prikazuju nekadašnju veličinu ukrajinske židovske zajednice.U Hrvatskoj su proučavane manje židovske zajednice -Split, Rijeka, Dubrovnik, Bjelovar te Osijek koji je u jednom trenutku i bio najveća židovska zajednica.
the remaining Jewish communities in creating tourism products, together with the positives and negatives of Jewish heritage tourism.As a larger number of subjects in required, a survey should be used.
Along with field surveys, modern technologies (such as content analysis of mobile applications) are more frequently used, because they can be used in places where there are no material elements of Jewish heritage.In the work of Michalkó et al. (2022), the daily tourist milieu of the night party zone of Budapest is investigated where, with the help of visual analysis of photos and hashtags, Jewish heritage appears among the results.
Although a relatively small number of papers were used for the analysis, an increase in papers investigating Jewish heritage and its application via Jewish heritage tourism in European cities is noticeable.The analysed research shows that Jewish heritage is no longer considered a problem for space and society, and its purpose is beginning to be understood as part of tourist history and social identity.By restoring Jewish heritage and including it in the tourism supply of cities (as a supplement or main attraction), tourists are attracted, it can be used for education purposes, and former Jewish quarters are also being revitalized.