Digitalno arhiviranje i ontološko modeliranje književnog festivala kao nematerijalne baštine: na primjeru 8. izdanja Bookstana

1. Uvod

Ovaj se rad fokusira na digitalno arhiviranje i onto- loško modeliranje 8. izdanja (2023. godina) Book- stana, međunarodnog književnog festivala koji se održava u Sarajevu od 2016. godine, a koji je već prerastao u značajan književni događaj koji okuplja istaknute ličnosti iz domaćih i međunarodnih knji­ževnih i kulturnih krugova te ljubitelje/ice književ­nosti iz cijelog svijeta. Festival služi kao platforma za razmjenu ideja i književnih dostignuća, što ga čini neprocjenjivim kulturnim blagom. Međutim, kao i mnogi kulturni događaji, efemerna priroda njegovih aktivnosti predstavlja izazov za dugoročno očuvanje i dostupnost.

Digitalno arhiviranje, u kombinaciji s ontološkim modeliranjem, nudi rješenje za ove izazove stvara­njem strukturiranih, interoperabilnih skupova poda­taka kojima se može lako pristupiti i koji se mogu analizirati, čime bi se istraživačima/icama olakšao pristup informacijama o ovome događaju, a ujedno i doprinijelo očuvanju književnog i kulturnog sadrža­ja festivala, te posljedično i kulturne baštine zemlje. Prema definiciji The Convention for the Safeguar­ding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage UNESCO- a, nematerijalna kulturna baština obuhvata prakse, prikaze, izraze, znanja i vještine – kao i s njima po­vezane predmete i prostore – koje zajednice, grupe i pojedinci prepoznaju kao dio svoje kulturne bašti­ne; ona se prenosi s generacije na generaciju, nepre­stano obnavlja i pruža zajednicama osjećaj identi­teta i kontinuiteta (UNESCO, 2003). Imajući to u vidu, iako se festival Bookstan održava tek desetak godina i ima međunarodni karakter, njegova konti­nuirana prisutnost u Sarajevu, kao i njegova uloga u njegovanju književnih praksi, slobode izražava­nja i kulturnog dijaloga, pozicioniraju ga kao važan segment lokalne kulturne scene. Festival, između ostalog, okuplja i domaće autore/ice, promoviše lo­kalne književne i govorne forme te doprinosi kul­turnom identitetu Sarajeva i Bosne i Hercegovine.

Budući da festival ima značajnu ulogu u kulturnom životu zajednice, okuplja i čuva važne književne prakse na lokalnom i državnom nivou, te što postoji jasna namjera njegove dugoročne održivosti i ge­neracijskog kontinuiteta, može se smatrati oblikom nematerijalne kulturne baštine na lokalnom i držav­nom nivou. Rano digitalno arhiviranje omogućava očuvanje podataka o učesnicima/ama, programima i

1. Introduction

This paper focuses on the digital archiving and ontological modelling of the 8th edition (2023) of Bookstan, an international literary festival held in Sarajevo since 2016. Over the years, the festival has grown into a significant literary event, bringing together prominent figures from national and inter­national literary and cultural circles, as well as lit­erature enthusiasts from around the world. Bookstan serves as a platform for the exchange of ideas and literary achievements, making it an invaluable cul­tural asset. However, like many cultural events, the ephemeral nature of its activities poses challenges for long-term preservation and accessibility.

Digital archiving, combined with ontological mod­elling, offers a solution to these challenges by creat­ing structured, interoperable datasets that are both easily accessible and suitable for analysis. This fa­cilitates researchers’ access to information about the festival, while simultaneously contributing to the preservation of its literary and cultural content and, consequently, to the safeguarding of the country’s cultural heritage.

According to UNESCO’s Convention for the Safe­guarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, intan­gible cultural heritage encompasses practices, rep­resentations, expressions, knowledge, and skills— as well as the instruments, objects, and spaces as­sociated with them—that communities, groups, and individuals recognize as part of their cultural heri­tage. This heritage is transmitted from generation to generation, constantly recreated, and provides communities with a sense of identity and continuity (UNESCO, 2003). In this light, although Bookstan has been organized for just a decade and has an in­ternational dimension, its consistent presence in Sa­rajevo, as well as its role in fostering literary prac­tices, freedom of expression, and cultural dialogue, position it as an important segment of the local cul­tural landscape. The festival also showcases local authors, promotes national literary and oral forms, and contributes to the cultural identity of Sarajevo and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Given its significant role in community cultural life, its contribution to the preservation of literary prac­tices at both local and national levels, and the orga­nizers’ clear intent to ensure its long-term sustain­ability and intergenerational continuity, the festival

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događajima, olakšava pretragu i analizu informacija te podržava dugoročno čuvanje kulturnog pamće­nja.

Ovo istraživanje nudi ontološki model, istovre­meno i prvi te vrste za jedan bh. kulturni događaj, ali i književni festival uopšte, razvijen u softveru Protégé koji obuhvata ključne elemente festivala za 2023. godinu poput programa, naziva predava­nja i radionica, učesnike/ce, autore/ice, moderatore/ ice, kao i datume i lokacije na kojima se održavao. Podaci su prikupljeni ručno, iz Narativnog izvje­štaja festivala (Bookstan, 2023a) i Press-clippinga (Bookstan, 2023b) za 2023. godinu koji su ljubazno ustupljeni na korištenje od strane organizatora/ica i izvršne direktorice festivala Lamije Milišić, a po potrebi i drugih izvora. Model je objavljen u forma­tu RDF/XML na platformi GitHub (Mirović, 2025). Ova platforma je odabrana jer omogućava otvoren i dugoročno dostupan pristup manjim i srednjim on­tologijama. Također, objavljivanjem na GitHub-u prati se princip otvorene nauke, potiče dalja upotre­ba i omogućava lakša integracija u druge projekte iz oblasti semantičkog weba i digitalnog očuvanja kulturne baštine.

Kroz razvijen model, u poglavlju Diskusija, ovaj će rad ponuditi odgovore na sljedeća istraživačka pi­tanja:

- IP1: Koje su ključne komponente i entiteti koji bi trebali biti uključeni u ontološki model za digitalno arhiviranje Bookstana?

- IP2: Kako ontološko modeliranje u Protégéu može poboljšati organizaciju, pretraživanje i dostupnost digitalnih resursa vezanih za ovaj festival?

- IP3: Koji su izazovi i potencijalna rješenja u integraciji ontoloških okvira s postojećim praksama digitalnog arhiviranja kulturnih fe­stivala?

- IP4: Kakav uticaj može imati razvijeni onto­loški model na očuvanje i promociju kulturne baštine kakva je Bookstan?

- IP5: Kako ontološki model može pružiti po­dršku interdisciplinarnim istraživanja i pod- staći saradnju između kulturoloških studija, digitalne humanistike i informacijskih nauka?

Rad je strukturiran tako da slijedi uobičajeni format IMRAD, što omogućava da bude jasno i logično prikazan. U poglavlju Uvod navedeni su osnovni koncepti, a dat je i pregled istraživanja. Poglavlje Pregled literature pruža teorijski okvir, fokusirajući se na ontologije kao sisteme za organizaciju zna­nja i ontološko modeliranje u kontekstu festivala. U Metodologiji se detaljno opisuje pristup korišten

may be considered a form of intangible cultural heritage at the local and national scale. Early digital archiving of its activities ensures the preservation of data on participants, programmes, and events, facilitates information retrieval and analysis, and supports the long-term safeguarding of cultural memory.

This study introduces an ontological model—the first of its kind for a Bosnian and Herzegovinian cultural event, and indeed for a literary festival in general—developed in Protégé. The model covers key elements of the 2023 edition, including pro­grammes, lecture and workshop titles, participants, authors, moderators, as well as dates and venues. Data were manually collected from the Narra­tive Report (Bookstan, 2023a) and Press Clipping (Bookstan, 2023b) kindly provided by the festi­val organizers and its Executive Director, Lamija Milišić, alongside additional sources when needed. The model has been published in RDF/XML format on the GitHub platform (Mirović, 2025). This plat­form was chosen as it provides open and long-term access to small and medium-scale ontologies. By publishing on GitHub, the project follows the prin­ciples of open science, encourages reuse, and en­ables smoother integration into other semantic web and digital cultural heritage preservation initiatives. Through the developed model, the Discussion sec­tion of this paper will address the following research questions:

- RQ1: What are the key components and enti­ties that should be included in the ontological model for the digital archiving of Bookstan?

- RQ2: How can ontological modelling in Pro- tégé enhance the organization, retrieval, and accessibility of digital resources related to this festival?

- RQ3: What are the challenges and potential solutions in integrating ontological frame­works with existing practices of digital ar­chiving of cultural festivals?

- RQ4: What impact can the developed onto­logical model have on the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage such as Book- stan?

- RQ5: How can the ontological model support interdisciplinary research and foster collabo­ration between cultural studies, digital hu­manities, and information science?

The paper is structured according to the convention­al IMRAD format, ensuring clarity and logical flow. The Introduction outlines the main concepts and provides an overview of the study, the Literature

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u izradi ontologije festivala Bookstan, uključujući svaki korak od određivanja domena do kreiranja instanci. Poglavlje Rezultati i analiza pruža uvid u proces modeliranja, validacije i praktične primjene ontologije, s posebnim akcentom na vizualizaciju putem OntoGrafa i primjenu upita SPARQL. U po­glavlju Diskusija analiziraju se rezultati i odgovara na istraživačka pitanja, dok se u Zaključku sumiraju ključni nalazi istraživanja i predlažu smjernice za buduća istraživanja.

2. Pregled literature

Ontologije su postale sistemi za organizaciju znanja “koji pružaju najviši stepen semantičkog bogatstva, jer omogućavaju uspostavljanje velikog broja od­nosa između pojmova i nude atribute za svaku kla­su” (Biagetti, 2021: 158) i stoga se mogu smatrati ključnom tehnologijom za organizaciju, integraci­ju i pretragu informacija unutar digitalnih arhiva i sistema kulturne baštine. Korištenjem ontologija, složeni skupovi podataka mogu se strukturirati na način koji omogućava semantičku interoperabilnost te pretragu i analizu podataka na većem nivou. Ovaj pregled literature fokusira se na predstavljanje re­levantnih radova o ontologijama, kao i na recentne istraživačke projekte koji su primijenili ontološko modeliranje u kontekstu kulturnih događaja i arhi- viranja, s posebnim naglaskom na festivale i srodne događaje.

Pionirski rad u ovoj oblasti, onaj koji je postavio temelje za izučavanje ontologija, jest članak T. Gru- bera iz 1993. godine pod nazivom “A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications”. Ovaj rad je jedan od prvih koji je definisao ontolo­gije u kontekstu informatike i umjetne inteligencije, opisujući ih kao “eksplicitne specifikacije koncep- tualizacije” (Gruber, 1993: 2). Gruber je naglasio važnost ontologija za standardizaciju pojmova i odnosa unutar određenih domena, čime se omogu­ćava dijeljenje i ponovno korištenje znanja između različitih aplikacija i korisnika/ca. Ovaj članak se često navodi kao osnovni tekst za razvoj ontologija kao ključnog koncepta u semantičkom webu, umjet­noj inteligenciji i sistemima za organizaciju znanja. Još jedan značajan rad za ovu oblast jeste rad G. Hodgea iz 2000. godine, koji ontologije definira kao ne-tradicionalne sisteme za organizaciju znanja ko­jima se mogu predstaviti kompleksni odnosi među objektima, kao i dodavati pravila i aksiomi (Hodge, 2000). Ovo ih čini iznimno korisnima u područjima koja zahtijevaju duboko razumijevanje i pretragu

Review offers a theoretical framework, focusing on ontologies as systems of knowledge organization and on ontological modelling in the context of fes­tivals, the Methodology section details the approach used in developing the Bookstan festival ontology, describing each step from defining the domain to creating the instances, Results and Analysis present insights into the modelling process, validation, and practical application of the ontology, with particu­lar emphasis on visualization through OntoGraf and the use of SPARQL queries, the Discussion section analyzes the results in light of the research ques­tions, while the Conclusion summarizes the key findings and proposes directions for future research.

2. Literature Review

Ontologies have emerged as systems of knowledge organization “that present the highest degree of se­mantic richness, as they allow to establish a great number of relations between terms and provide at­tributes for each class.” (Biagetti, 2021: 158). As such, they can be considered a key technology for the organization, integration, and retrieval of infor­mation within digital archives and cultural heritage systems. By employing ontologies, complex data­sets can be structured in ways that enable seman­tic interoperability, as well as advanced search and analysis of data. This literature review focuses on presenting relevant scholarship on ontologies, as well as recent research projects that have applied ontological modelling in the context of cultural events and archiving, with a particular emphasis on festivals and related cultural manifestations.

The pioneering work that laid the foundations for the study of ontologies is Gruber’s 1993 article “A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifi­cations”. This was among the first contributions to define ontologies within the context of computer sci­ence and artificial intelligence, describing them as “explicit specifications of a conceptualization” (Gru­ber, 1993: 2). Gruber emphasized the importance of ontologies in standardizing concepts and relation­ships within specific domains, thereby enabling the sharing and reuse of knowledge across different ap­plications and users. This article is frequently cited as the cornerstone text for the development of ontologies as a key concept in the Semantic Web, artificial intel­ligence, and systems of knowledge organization. An­other significant contribution is Hodge’s 2000 work, which defined ontologies as non-traditional knowl-

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složenih informacija, poput znanstvenih istraživa­nja, izučavanja kulturne baštine i u projektima digi­talne humanistike.

Prema N. F. Noy i D. L. McGuinness, “ontologi­ja definira zajednički vokabular za istraživače koji trebaju razmjenjivati informacije u [određenoj] do­meni. Obuhvata mašinski interpretirane definicije osnovnih pojmova u domeni i odnose među njima” (Noy & McGuinness, 2001: 1). U svom članku iz 2001. godine “Ontology Development 101: A Gu­ide to Creating Your First Ontology” ove su auto­rice ponudile metodologiju modeliranja ontologija koja je korištena i u ovom istraživanju. Taj članak predstavlja jedan od najvažnijih vodiča za početni- ke/ce u oblasti razvoja ontologija. Pored tih, jedna od najrelevantnijih knjiga svakako je Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist autora D. Allemanga i J. Hendlera iz 2008. godine koja je također važan vo­dič za praktičnu primjenu ontologija u semantičkom webu. Za potrebe ovog rada korišteno je drugo izda­nje u kojem su objašnjene osnove RDF-a, OWL-a i SPARQL-a, te kako te tehnologije koristiti za mode­liranje ontologija (Allemang & Hendler, 2011). Ta­kođer, značajan je i rad “Ontologies as Knowledge Organization Systems” autorice M. T. Biagetti, koji se bavi ulogom ontologija kao naprednih sistema za organizaciju znanja (KOS). Biagetti u svom radu daje prikaz korištenja ontologija u okruženju digi­talnih biblioteka, gdje su zamijenili tezauruse u pre­traživanju, kao i njihove uloge u semantičkom webu i semantičkoj interoperabilnosti (Biagetti, 2021).

Ipak, u razvoju ontologija, posebno na spoju filozo­fije i informacijskih nauka, ključnu su ulogu ima­li B. Smith i N. Guarino. Barry Smith, filozof po obrazovanju, značajno je doprinio ontološkim te­meljima formalnog modeliranja stvarnosti, naročito kroz razvoj Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), jedne od najpoznatijih i najkorištenijih gornjih ontologija (upper ontologies). Njegova djela, poput Ontology and Information Systems (Smith, 2003) i Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology (Arp et al, 2015), postavila su temelje razumijevanja on­tologije kao rigorozne i primjenjive discipline, s fokusom na jasno definisane kategorije i odnose. S druge strane, Nicola Guarino je kroz svoje radove poput Formal ontology, conceptual analysis and knowledge representation (Guarino, 1995) i Formal Ontology and Information Systems (Guarino, 1998) naglasio važnost konceptualne jasnoće u dizajnu ontologija i uveo principe upotrebe formalnih me­toda u organizaciji znanja. Guarino je bio i ključni pokretač razvoja DOLCE-a (Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering) – onto-

edge organization systems capable of representing complex relationships among objects, as well as of incorporating rules and axioms (Hodge, 2000). This makes them particularly valuable in domains that re­quire deep understanding and advanced retrieval of complex information, such as scientific research, cul­tural heritage studies, and digital humanities projects. According to Noy and McGuinness, “an ontology defines a common vocabulary for researchers who need to share information in a domain. It includes machine-interpretable definitions of basic concepts in the domain and relations among them.” (Noy & McGuinness: 2001). In their seminal article “Ontol­ogy Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology”, the authors offered a modeling methodology that has also been applied in this re­search. This guide remains one of the most influen­tial introductions for beginners in ontology develop­ment. In addition, one of the most relevant reference works in the field is Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist by Allemang and Hendler (2008). For the purposes of this study, the second edition was consulted, which explains the fundamentals of RDF, OWL, and SPARQL, as well as how these technolo­gies can be used for ontology modeling (Allemang & Hendler, 2011). Equally important is Biagetti’s article “Ontologies as Knowledge Organization Systems”, which examines the role of ontologies as advanced KOS. Biagetti discusses their application in digital library environments, where they have been used to replace thesauri in search, as well as their broader role in the Semantic Web and in sup­porting semantic interoperability (Biagetti, 2021). Nevertheless, in the development of ontologies— particularly at the intersection of philosophy and in­formation science—two figures have played a cru­cial role: Barry Smith and Nicola Guarino. Smith, a philosopher by training, made significant contribu­tions to the ontological foundations of formal reality modeling, most notably through the development of the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), one of the most widely known and applied upper ontologies. His works, such as Ontology and Information Systems (Smith, 2003) and Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology (Arp et al., 2015), established the foundations for understanding ontology as a rigor­ous and applicable discipline, with an emphasis on clearly defined categories and relations. Guarino, on the other hand, has underscored the importance of conceptual clarity in ontology design through his influential works such as Formal Ontology, Con­ceptual Analysis and Knowledge Representation (Guarino, 1995) and Formal Ontology and Informa-

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loškog modela orijentisanog na ljudsku percepciju i jezik. Doprinosi B. Smitha i N. Guarina značajno su oblikovali savremene pristupe razvoju ontologija, uspješno spajajući filozofsku temeljitost sa zahtje­vima praktične primjene.

Iako ontološko modeliranje postaje sve popularniji sistem za organizaciju znanja, nije se mnogo pisalo o modeliranju festivala. Jedan od pionirskih radova u ovoj oblasti je projekat Ontofest, predstavljen u radu A. Cosentino et al. iz 2024. godine (Cosenti­no et al., 2024), koji istražuje transformaciju arhiva Locarno Film Festivala u dinamičan, međusobno povezan resurs znanja o festivalu. Ontofest je razvi­jen s ciljem olakšavanja pristupa informacijama ve­zanim za ovaj festival, poboljšanja njihove pretraži- vosti i omogućavanja korisnicima i korisnicama da lakše istražuju i čuvaju filmsku baštinu. Autori su koristili metodologiju Ontology Development 101 za izradu ontologije koja obuhvata različite aspekte festivala, uključujući prikazivanje filmova, doga­đaje na festivalu, režisere/ice, glumce/ice i kritičke recenzije. Nadalje, istraživanje V. Carreiro et al. iz 2019. godine (Carreiro et al., 2019) nudi obrazac za ontološko modeliranje događaja koji se ponav­ljaju (recurrent events), što je od posebnog značaja za festivale i druge kulturne manifestacije koje se redovno održavaju. U oblasti istraživanja ontološ­kog modeliranja festivala također je značajan rad N. Chau et al. iz 2022. godine, koji se fokusirao na važnost zaštite nematerijalne kulturne baštine kroz razvoj aplikacije za očuvanje vijetnamskih festivala putem ontologija (Chau et al., 2022).

Nastavak razvoja i primjene ontoloških modela u kontekstu kulturnih festivala i drugih sličnih doga­đaja može značajno unaprijediti načine na koje se ovi važni kulturni resursi arhiviraju i koriste. Činje­nica da su festivali tako rijetko ontološki modelirani – a književni nikako – prilika je za znanstvenike/ce iz računarskih i informacijskih znanosti da tu oblast bolje istraže.

3. Metodologija

Istraživanje kombinuje kvalitativni pristup s eksplo- ratornom i deskriptivnom metodom i usmjereno je ka razumijevanju, organizovanju i vizualizaciji po­dataka o kulturnom događaju. Cilj istraživanja bio je razviti ontologiju koja omogućava bolje očuvanje i pristup informacijama o festivalu.

tion Systems (Guarino, 1998). He also introduced the systematic use of formal methods in knowledge organization. Guarino was a key driving force be­hind the development of DOLCE (Descriptive On­tology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering), an ontological model oriented toward human per­ception and language. The contributions of Smith and Guarino have profoundly shaped contemporary approaches to ontology development, successfully bridging philosophical rigor with the requirements of practical application.

Although ontological modeling is becoming an in­creasingly popular system for knowledge organi­zation, little has been written about modeling fes­tivals. One of the pioneering projects in this field is OntoFest, presented in Cosentino et al. (2024), which explores the transformation of the Locarno Film Festival archive into a dynamic, interconnect­ed knowledge resource about the festival. OntoFest was developed to facilitate access to information related to the festival, improve searchability, and enable users to more easily explore and preserve film heritage. The authors employed the Ontology Development 101 methodology to design an ontol­ogy encompassing various aspects of the festival, including film screenings, festival events, directors, actors, and critical reviews. Furthermore, research by Carreiro et al. (2019) offers a pattern for onto­logical modeling of recurrent events, which is of particular relevance for festivals and other cultural manifestations that take place on a regular basis. In addition, a significant contribution comes from Chau et al. (2022), who emphasized the importance of safeguarding intangible cultural heritage through the development of an ontology-based application for the preservation of Vietnamese festivals.

The continued development and application of on­tological models in the context of cultural festivals and similar events can substantially enhance the ways in which these important cultural resources are archived and used. The fact that festivals have so rarely been ontologically modeled—and that lit­erary festivals have not been modeled at all—rep­resents an opportunity for scholars in computer and information science to further explore this domain.

3. Methodology

This research combines a qualitative approach with exploratory and descriptive methods, aimed at un­derstanding, organizing, and visualizing data about

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kao i iz drugih relevantnih izvora, uključujući medijske članke. Prikupljeni podaci uključuju informacije o događajima, učesnicima i uče- snicama, lokacijama i ostalim ključnim ele­mentima festivala;

a cultural event. The main goal was to develop an ontology that supports both the preservation of and access to information about the festival.

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cima i učesnicama, kao i vizualizaciju odnosa među entitetima uz pomoć OntoGrafa. Re­zultati ovih upita i vizualizacija korišteni su za evaluaciju ontologije i njenu prilagodbu za buduće primjene;

4. Rezultati i analiza

N. F. Noy i D. L. McGuinness nude detaljan vodič za proces izrade ontologije, koji se sastoji od neko­liko ključnih koraka (Noy & McGuinness, 2001). Ta je metodologija je postala osnovni referentni okvir za istraživače/ice i praktičare/ice koji se bave ontološkim modeliranjem, omogućava sistematičan pristup u razvoju ontologija te je stoga korištena i u ovom radu.

Prvi korak u razvoju ontologije jeste definisanje do­mena i obuhvata ontologije. Ovaj korak uključuje odlučivanje o tome koje su ključne oblasti znanja koje će ontologija pokrivati te koji su specifični ci­ljevi ontologije. N. F. Noy i D. L. McGuinness pre­poručuju da se, u ovoj fazi, jasno odgovori na pitanja poput: Na koja pitanja ontologija treba dati odgo­vor? i Kome je namijenjena ontologija? Ovaj korak postavlja temelje za sve buduće faze razvoja onto­logije, pa je važno napomenuti da ontologija treba da odgovori na pitanja koji su ključni događaji i ak­tivnosti festivala, dakle da da detaljan pregled svih događaja koji su se odvijali tokom festivala, uklju­čujući promocije knjiga, radionice, izložbe i speci­jalne programe. Svaki događaj treba biti povezan s informacijama o učesnicima/ama, vremenu i mjestu održavanja, kao i sa sadržajem koji je predstavljen. Također, ontologija treba pružiti informacije o uče­snicima i učesnicama festivala i njihovim ulogama (autor/ica, predavač/ica, moderator/ica), zatim koje su knjige i drugi radovi predstavljeni na festivalu te koje su bile lokacije održavanja festivala. Što se tiče pitanja kome je ontologija namijenjena, ona je prije svega namijenjena istraživačima/icama koji se bave kulturalnim studijama, književnošću, informacij­skim naukama i digitalnom humanistikom. Također, korisna je za bibliotekare/ke, arhiviste i arhivistki- nje te kustose/ice koji rade na očuvanju i promovi- sanju kulturne baštine. Osim toga, ontologija može

of entity relationships with OntoGraf. The re­sults of these queries and visualizations were used to evaluate the ontology and adapt it for potential future applications.

Noy and McGuinness provide a detailed guide for the ontology development process, consisting of several key steps (Noy & McGuinness, 2001). Their methodology has become a primary reference framework for researchers and practitioners en­gaged in ontology modelling, offering a systematic approach to ontology development. For this reason, it was also adopted in this study.

The first step in ontology development is to define the domain and scope of the ontology. This involves deciding which key areas of knowledge the ontology will cover, as well as its specific objectives. Noy and McGuinness recommend that, at this stage, research­ers clearly answer questions such as: What questions should the ontology be able to answer? and Who are the intended users of the ontology? This step establishes the foundation for all subsequent phases of ontology development. In this case, the ontology was designed to address questions regarding the key events and activities of the festival. It therefore provides a detailed overview of all events that took place during the festival, including book promotions, workshops, exhibitions, and special programmes. Each event is linked to information about partici­pants, time and venue, as well as the content that was presented. The ontology also provides information about the festival’s participants and their roles (e.g., author, lecturer, moderator), the books and other works presented at the festival, and the locations at which events were held. As for the intended audi­ence, the ontology is primarily aimed at researchers in cultural studies, literature, information science, and digital humanities. It is also useful for librarians, archivists, and curators engaged in the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage. In addition, the ontology can also serve festival organizers in future editions as a tool for planning and analyzing past events, as well as for establishing connections with

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poslužiti i organizatorima za buduća izdanja festi­vala kao alat za planiranje i analizu prošlih događaja te za povezivanje s drugim kulturnim inicijativama. Kroz digitalno arhiviranje i strukturirano predstav­ljanje podataka, ontologija Bookstana omogućava dugoročno očuvanje informacija o festivalu, čineći ih dostupnim i upotrebljivim za buduće generacije istraživača/ica i kulturnih radnika/ca.

Kako bi se što bolje odgovorilo na zadatke koje po­stavljaju naredni koraci u izradi ontologije, važno je izvršiti i analizu domene, tj. upoznati se sa sa­mim festivalom te njegovim 8. izdanjem koje je predmet istraživanja. Bookstan je prvi međunarodni književni festival u Bosni i Hercegovini, a održava se u Sarajevu od 2016. godine. Njegov osnivač je izdavačka kuća Buybook, odnosno pisci, izdavači i ostale ličnosti s bh. književne i izdavačke scene (Bookstan, 2025). Tokom godina, festival je prera­stao u jedan od najznačajnijih kulturnih događaja u regiji, koji okuplja domaće, regionalne i međuna­rodne autore/ice, izdavače, prevodioce i prevodite­ljice i druge kulturne radnike/ce. Kako je navedeno na zvaničnoj web-stranici festivala, cilj mu je pro- movisanje književnog stvaralaštva vodećih imena iz međunarodne, regionalne i bh. književnosti te po­dizanje “svijesti o značaju razvoja književne riječi u našoj sredini” (Bookstan, 2025). Kroz niz panel diskusija, promocija knjiga i radionica, ovaj festival pruža platformu za razmjenu ideja i književnih do­stignuća, istovremeno se baveći temama koje odra­žavaju aktuelne društvene i kulturne izazove.

U proteklim izdanjima festivala, Bookstan je ugo­stio brojne renomirane autore/ice iz Bosne i Her­cegovine i regije, uključujući Dubravku Ugrešić, Faruka Šehića i Andreja Nikolaidisa, kao i među­narodne goste i gošće poput Hanifa Kureishija, Or- hana Pamuka i Rabiha Alameddinea. Protekla su izdanja propitivala teme poput granica i ograniče­nja, pripadanja (ni) Istoku (ni) Zapadu, pitanja gra- đanina/ki svijeta i pitanja stanja opsade. Festival se održava svake godine početkom jula, s izuzetkom 5. izdanja (2020. godina) koje održano u oktobru zbog COVID-a, i uglavnom se sastoji od glavnog programa te dječijeg i specijalnih programa, a važan dio festivala predstavlja i radionica za mlade knji­ževne kritičare/ke u toku koje učesnici/e pišu osvrte na knjige koje su promovisane na festivalu i za njih mogu osvojiti nagrade. Svi ovi programi uglavnom podrazumijevaju promociju knjiga i razgovore sa njihovim autorima/cama, a u kontekstu teme koja je aktuelna u tom izdanju festivala. Izdanje iz 2023. godine, pod sloganom Imaginarni Balkan, također se sastojalo od glavnog programa, a uključivalo je

other cultural initiatives. Through digital archiving and the structured representation of data, the Book- stan ontology ensures the long-term preservation of festival information, making it accessible and use­ful for future generations of researchers and cultural professionals.

To better address the tasks required by the following steps in ontology development, it was important to conduct a domain analysis—that is, to become fa­miliar with the festival itself and with its 8th edition, which is the subject of this research. Bookstan is the first international literary festival in Bosnia and Herzegovina and has been held annually in Sarajevo since 2016. It was founded by the publishing house Buybook, in collaboration with writers, publishers, and other figures from the Bosnian literary and pub­lishing scene (Bookstan, 2025). Over the years, the festival has evolved into one of the most significant cultural events in the region, gathering local, re­gional, and international authors, publishers, trans­lators, and other cultural workers. As stated on the official festival website, its mission is to promote the literary achievements of leading voices from international, regional, and Bosnian literature and to raise “awareness about the importance of devel­oping the written word in our society” (Bookstan, 2025). Through panel discussions, book launches, and workshops, the festival provides a platform for the exchange of ideas and literary accomplishments, while simultaneously addressing themes that reflect contemporary social and cultural challenges.

In past editions, Bookstan has hosted numerous re­nowned authors from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the region, such as Dubravka Ugrešić, Faruk Šehić, and Andrej Nikolaidis, as well as international guests including Hanif Kureishi, Orhan Pamuk, and Rabih Alameddine. Previous themes have explored issues such as borders and limitations, belonging to (neither) East (nor) West, global citizenship, and the conditions of siege. The festival is usually held each year in early July, with the exception of the 5th edi­tion (2020), which took place in October due to CO­VID-19. The programme typically consists of the main festival programme, a children’s programme, and a set of special events. A key element of the fes­tival is also the workshop for young literary critics, during which participants write reviews of books promoted at the festival and compete for awards. All of these programs mainly involve the promo­tion of books and conversations with their authors, in the context of a topic that is current in that edition of the festival. The 2023 edition, held under the slo­gan Imaginary Balkans, also included several new special programmes such as Youth Corner (focusing on children’s and young adult literature, organized

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i nekoliko novih specijalnih programa, kao što su Mladi kutak, posvećen književnosti za djecu i mlade koji je organizovan u saradnji s Američkim kutkom Sarajevo (Biblioteka Sarajeva), i Bookstan Distrikt, jednodnevni dječiji program u Brčkom koji se orga- nizovao u saradnji s Američkim kutkom Brčko (Bi- blioteka-knjižnica Brčko distrikta BiH). Specijalno gostovanje uključivalo je segment Doručak s auto­rom, koji se održavalo u saradnji s pulskim sajmom knjiga Sa(n)jam knjige u Istri i autorima Borisom Dežulovićem i Darkom Cvijetićem kao gostima.

Također, u okviru festivala je održana i radionica za mlade književne kritičare/ke pod nazivom Opa­sno čitanje, koju je vodila prof. dr. Selma Raljević uz podršku sedam drugih predavača/ica. Svaki od polaznika/ca radionice imao je zadatak da napiše kritiku/osvrt na jednu od knjiga promovisanih na festivalu, a najuspješnijim su dodijeljene nagrade. U okviru 8. izdanja održana je i izložba Naslovnice koje nisu postale naslovnice koja “prati nit (be)sud- binstva naslovnica podređenih potrebama tržišta, ali istovremeno ističe njihovu ulogu u stvaranju knji­ge kao umjetničkog predmeta” (Bookstan, 2023a). Pored ovoga, u sklopu festivala je održan koncert, odnosno izvedba pjesama s albuma Sin pustinje, autora i izvođača Ahmeda Burića i Damira Imamo- vića, kao drugi dio manifestacije otvaranja festiva­la, a također je odigrana jedna predstava – Kuća u ulici Mango, kao dio promocije istoimene knjige. Specijalna gošća festivala je bila čuvena bugarska historičarka Marija Todorova, a u toku festivala je promovisano i Buybookovo izdanje njene knjige Imaginarni Balkan po kojoj je slogan ovog izdanja dobio ime.

Bookstan 2023. imao je oko 100 učesnika/ca (auto- ra/ica, organizotora/ica, moderatora/ica, predavača/ ica), u sklopu njega je promovisano oko 40 knjiga i održano oko 40 događaja na 8 lokacija.

Drugi korak u razvoju ontologije uključuje razma­tranje mogućnosti korištenja postojećih ontologija. Prema N. F. Noy i D. L. McGuinness, vrlo je važno istražiti već postojeće ontologije koje bi mogle biti relevantne za određeni domen te ih, ako je moguće, uključiti u novi ontološki model (Noy & McGu­inness, 2001). Ova praksa ne samo da može uštedje­ti vrijeme i resurse nego i osigurava da se ontologija temelji na već verificiranim konceptima i struktura­ma i da bude interoperabilna. Interoperabilnost će biti postignuta korištenjem standarda Schema.org, no ona se mogla pospješiti i integrisanjem s ontolo­gijama poput FOAF-a (Friend of a Friend), BIBO-a

in cooperation with the American Corner Sarajevo (Sarajevo Public Library), and Bookstan District, a one-day children’s programme in Brčko, in co­operation with the American Corner Brčko (Brčko District Public Library). One of the special features was the Breakfast with an Author segment, held in collaboration with the Sa(n)jam knjige u Istri book fair in Pula, with Boris Dežulović and Darko Cvijetić as guest authors.

Additionally, the festival included the Dangerous Reading workshop for young critics, led by profes­sor Selma Raljević, PhD, with the support of seven other lecturers. Each participant was tasked with writing a review of one of the books promoted at the festival, with prizes awarded to the most suc­cessful contributions. The 8th edition also featured the exhibition Covers That Did Not Become Cov­ers, which “traces the thread of (un)destiny of book covers subordinated to market demands, while at the same time highlighting their role in shaping the book as an artistic object” (Bookstan, 2023a). As part of the festival’s opening, a concert was held—Sin pustinje, a performance by authors and musicians Ahmed Burić and Damir Imamović—as well as a theatre play, The House on Mango Street, staged as part of the promotion of the book of the same name. The special guest of the festival was the renowned Bulgarian historian Maria Todorova, whose book Imaginary Balkans (Buybook edition) inspired the festival’s 2023 slogan.

Bookstan 2023 gathered around 100 participants (authors, organizers, moderators, lecturers), fea­tured the promotion of approximately 40 books, and hosted around 40 events across 8 venues.

The second step in ontology development involves considering the potential use of existing ontologies. According to Noy and McGuinness, it is crucial to explore ontologies that may already be relevant to the given domain and, where possible, incor­porate them into the new model (Noy & McGuin­ness, 2001). This practice not only saves time and resources but also ensures that the ontology is grounded in already validated concepts and struc­tures, while at the same time enhancing interoper­ability. In this study, interoperability was achieved through the application of the Schema.org standard. However, it could be further strengthened by inte­grating additional ontologies such as FOAF (Friend of a Friend), BIBO (Bibliographic Ontology), or standards such as Dublin Core. Such extensions would significantly enrich the semantic capacity of

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(Bibliographic Ontology), ali i standardima poput Dublin Corea, što bi značajno doprinijelo semantič­kom obogaćivanju neke buduće sveobuhvatne onto­logije, odnosno ontologije svih izdanja Bookstana. Ova proširenja bi značajno unaprijedila kapacitet ontologije za povezivanje sa širokim spektrom po­dataka i aplikacija.

Sljedeći korak je imenovanje svih važnijih pojmova koji će biti obuhvaćeni ontologijom. Ovaj korak uk­ljučuje identifikaciju ključnih termina i relacija unu­tar definisanog domena. Ovi termini će kasnije biti organizovani unutar hijerarhije klasa i definisani u kontekstu ontologije. Ova faza je vrlo značajna jer postavlja osnovu za strukturu ontologije. Što se Bo- okstana tiče, ti su važniji termini uključivali osnov­ne entitete kao što su Person (osoba), Event (događaj), Book (knjiga), author (pisac/spisate- ljica), EventVenue (mjesto održavanja) i mnogi drugi koji su ključni za strukturirano predstavljanje informacija o festivalu. Identifikacija ovih termina bila je ključna za postavljanje osnove za daljnje faze razvoja ontologije, kao što su definisanje klasa i atributa, te u kasnijoj praktičnoj primjeni ontologi­je kroz upite SPARQL i vizualizaciju u OntoGrafu.

Jedan od najvažnijih koraka u razvoju ontologije je definisanje klasa i njihove hijerarhije. N. F. Noy i D. L. McGuinness objašnjavaju da se klase mogu definisati kroz pristup top-down (odozgo ka dolje) i bottom-up (odozdo ka gore), ili kroz kombinaciju oba (Noy & McGuinness, 2001). U pristupu top­down najprije se definišu opšte klase koje se zatim dijele na specifičnije potklase. Nasuprot tome, pri­stup bottom-up počinje s definisanjem specifičnih klasa, koje se zatim grupišu u opšte kategorije. Kom- binovani pristup uključuje korištenje oba pristupa, gdje se počinje s nekoliko opštih i specifičnih klasa, a zatim se hijerarhija razvija postepeno. Izuzetno je važno pažljivo dizajnirati hijerarhije klasa jer one igraju ključnu ulogu u organizaciji ontologije. Pre­ma definiciji koju koriste ove autorice, klase opisuju koncepte i predstavljaju skupove individua/instanci koje dijele zajedničke osobine (Noy & McGuinne­ss, 2001). Na primjer, klasa CreativeWork u ovoj ontologiji obuhvata sve knjige, članke, muzič­ke albume, odnosno sva kreativna djela koja su s njom povezana. Potklase su specifičnije kategorije unutar klase i nasljeđuju osobine svojih natklasa, ali mogu imati i vlastita specifična svojstva. I klase ove ontologije su organizovane hijerarhijski kako bi

any future comprehensive ontology—namely, one that would cover all editions of Bookstan. These integrations would substantially improve the ontol­ogy’s ability to connect with a wider spectrum of datasets and applications.

The next step is to name all the key concepts to be included in the ontology. This step involves identi­fying the central terms and relations within the de­fined domain. These terms are later organized into a class hierarchy and defined within the context of the ontology. This stage is highly significant as it lays the groundwork for the structure of the ontology. In the case of Bookstan, these key terms included fun­damental entities such as Person, Event, Book, Author, EventVenue, and many others that are essential for the structured representation of festival information. Identifying these terms was crucial for establishing the foundation for subsequent phases of ontology development, such as defining classes and attributes, as well as for the later practical ap­plication of the ontology through SPARQL queries and visualization with OntoGraf.

One of the most important steps in ontology devel­opment is defining the classes and their hierarchy. Noy and McGuinness explain that classes can be defined using a top-down approach, a bottom-up approach, or a combination of the two (Noy & Mc­Guinness, 2001). In the top-down approach, general classes are first defined and then divided into more specific subclasses. In contrast, the bottom-up ap­proach begins with specific classes, which are then grouped into broader categories. The combined ap­proach uses both strategies, starting with a few gen­eral and specific classes, with the hierarchy gradu­ally developed. Careful design of class hierarchies is essential, as they play a key role in the overall organization of the ontology. According to Noy and McGuinness, classes describe concepts and repre­sent sets of individuals/instances that share common characteristics (Noy & McGuinness, 2001). For ex­ample, in this ontology, the CreativeWork class includes all books, articles, and music albums—that is, all creative works associated with the festival. Subclasses are more specific categories within a class; they inherit the properties of their superclass­es but may also include additional characteristics of their own. In this ontology, classes are organized hierarchically to ensure a clearer logical structure. Schema.org was used as the foundation, allowing

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se obezbijedila bolja logička struktura, uz korište­nje Schema.org kao osnove, što će ovoj ontologiji omogućiti semantičku interoperabilnost s drugim ontologijama i sistemima koji koriste ovaj standard. Klase su kreirane kako bi reprezentovale osnovne entitete festivala; ukupno je definisano 5 klasa i 10 potklasa, dakle ukupno njih 15:

the ontology to achieve semantic interoperability with other ontologies and systems that follow this standard. Classes were designed to represent the main entities of the festival. In total, 5 classes and 10 subclasses were defined—15 in total:

class represents exhibitions, such as izložbaNaslovnica.

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kiKutakSarajevo i goethelnsti- tutBiH;

e.g., američkiKutakSarajevo and goetheInstitutBiH.

and marijaTodorova.

Slika 1. Klase i potklase ontologije 8. izdanja Bookstana definisane u Protégéu

Figure 1. Classes and subclasses of the ontology of the 8th edition of Bookstan defined in Protégé

Nakon što su definisane klase, sljedeći korak je de­finiranje svojstava klasa, odnosno objektnih relacija (object properties) i podatkovnih atributa (data pro­perties). Definisanje slotova pomaže u kreiranju de­taljnije i preciznije ontologije, omogućavajući po­vezivanje klasa i dodavanje dodatnih informacija. Objektne relacije omogućavaju povezivanje instan­ci unutar ontologije, na primjer, relacija author može povezivati instancu osobe s instancom knji­ge, što implicira da je ta osoba autor te knjige. Ove su relacije pažljivo odabrane iz standarda Schema. org, a dodate su i prilagođene kako bi reflektovale kompleksne odnose između različitih entiteta na fe­stivalu. Prilagođene relacije su, zapravo, inverzne relacije onih već postojećih u schemi, npr. author

After defining the classes, the next step is to de­fine their properties, i.e., object properties and data properties. Defining slots helps create a more de­tailed and precise ontology by enabling the linking of classes and the addition of further information. Object properties establish connections between instances within the ontology. For example, the property author can connect an instance of a per­son with an instance of a book, implying that the person is the author of that book. These properties were carefully selected from the Schema.org stan­dard, with additional customized properties created to reflect the complex relationships between differ­ent festival entities. The customized relations are, in fact, inverses of existing Schema.org properties.

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je objektna relacija iz standarda Schema.org, dok je wasWrittenBy prilagođena objektna relacija u inverzivnom odnosu s relacijom author. Kreirano je ukupno 36 objektnih relacija:

For instance, author is an object property from the Schema.org standard, while wasWrittenBy is a customized property that serves as its inverse. In total, 36 object properties were created:

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Podatkovni atributi služe za povezivanje instanci klasa s konkretnim vrijednostima podataka. Oni omogućavaju da se entitetima u ontologiji dodijele specifične karakteristike koje su izražene kao poda­ci, a ne kao veze s drugim entitetima. Na primjer, atribut dateTime sadrži podatak o datumu i vre­menu održavanja događaja. Kreirano je ukupno 5 podatkovnih atributa:

Nakon definisanja slotova, sljedeći korak je defi- nisanje njihovih aspekata, kao što su kardinalnost, domet i raspon. Kardinalnost određuje broj instanci koje mogu biti povezane s određenim slotom, dok domet i raspon određuju tipove podataka ili klasa koje se mogu povezati s određenim slotom. Ovi aspekti pomažu u definisanju pravila i ograničenja unutar ontologije, osiguravajući konzistentnost i tačnost modela. Ipak, unutar ove ontologije samo su definisane vrijednosti (value) podatkovnih atributa, što je dovoljno za jednostavnije ontologije (string za tekstualne podatke i slično).

Posljednji korak u razvoju ontologije jest kreiranje instanci. Instance su konkretne individue unutar klasa u ontologiji. U ovoj ontologiji ih ima ukupno 237 i svaka od njih predstavlja stvarni entitet unutar konteksta 8. izdanja festivala Bookstan iz 2023. go­dine, na primjer amraMutapčićČengić ili iz- davačBuybook.

Data properties are used to connect class instances with specific data values. They allow entities in the ontology to be assigned particular characteristics expressed as data rather than as links to other enti­ties. For example, the property dateTime stores the date and time of an event. A total of five data properties were created:

After defining the slots, the next step is to specify their aspects, such as cardinality, domain, and range. Cardinality determines the number of instances that can be connected to a given slot, while domain and range define the types of data or classes that may be linked through the slot. These aspects help establish rules and constraints within the ontology, ensuring consistency and accuracy of the model. However, in this ontology only the values of data properties were defined, which is sufficient for a simpler ontology. For example, string values were used for textual data and similar straightforward formats.

The final step in ontology development is the cre­ation of instances. Instances are the concrete indi­viduals within the classes of the ontology. In this ontology, a total of 237 instances were created, each representing a real entity within the context of the 8th edition of the Bookstan festival (2023). Examples include amraMutapčićČengić or izdavačBuybook.

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Slika 2. Instance klase Person

Figure 2. Instances of the Person class

Nakon što su klase, objektne relacije, podatkovni atributi i individue kreirani, ontologija je validirana koristeći Pellet reasoner u softveru Protégé. Valida- cija je uključivala provjeru konzistentnosti, pravilno definisanih relacija i instanci, kao i ispravnost svih definicija u skladu sa standardima OWL. Identifi- kovani su i ispravljeni potencijalni problemi, poput nekompatibilnih vrijednosti atributa.

U ovom će potpoglavlju model ontologije biti prak­tično primijenjen, s fokusom na dva ključna aspek­ta: vizualizaciju podataka i pretraživanje podataka. Ontologija nije samo teorijski model; ona je alat koji omogućava efikasnu organizaciju, pretraživa­nje i analizu podataka. Kroz primjenu vizualiza- cijskih alata poput OntoGrafa, kao i upita pomoću SPARQL-a, možemo dobiti dublji uvid u struktu­ru, veze i interakcije unutar podataka festivala. U prvom dijelu ovog potpoglavlja, pod nazivom Vi- zualizacija uz pomoć OntoGrafa, bit će prikazani primjeri vizualizacije ključnih elemenata ontologi­je, uključujući događaje, učesnike/ce i njihove me­đusobne odnose – ovi grafički prikazi omogućavaju intuitivno razumijevanje složenih struktura i olakša­vaju identifikaciju obrazaca unutar podataka – dok će u drugom dijelu, pod nazivom Upiti SPARQL, fokus biti stavljen na upite koji omogućavaju efika-

Once the classes, object properties, data properties, and individuals had been created, the ontology was validated using the Pellet reasoner in Protégé. Vali­dation included checking for consistency, properly defined relations and instances, as well as compli­ance with OWL standards. Potential issues—such as incompatible attribute values—were identified and corrected.

In this subsection, the ontology model is applied in practice, with a focus on two key aspects: data vi­sualization and data retrieval. The ontology is not merely a theoretical model; it is a tool that enables efficient organization, search, and analysis of data. Through the use of visualization tools such as On- toGraf, as well as queries executed in SPARQL, it is possible to gain deeper insights into the structure, relationships, and interactions within the festival data. In the first part of this subsection, Visualiza­tion Using OntoGraf, examples of visualizations of key ontology elements will be presented, including events, participants, and their interrelationships. These graphical representations allow for an intui­tive understanding of complex structures and facili­tate the identification of patterns within the data. In the second part, SPARQL Queries, the focus will be on queries that enable efficient retrieval of data

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sno pretraživanje podataka unutar ontologije. Upiti SPARQL omogućavaju selektivno izvlačenje infor­macija, što je ključno za analizu i daljnju praktičnu primjenu ontologije. Kombinacija ovih tehnika pru­ža sveobuhvatan pristup praktičnoj primjeni ontolo­gije, demonstrirajući kako se teorijski modeli mogu koristiti za stvarne analize i rješenja.

OntoGraf je alat za vizualizaciju ontologija unu­tar softvera Protégé, koji omogućava korisnicima i korisnicama da pregledaju i analiziraju složene mreže odnosa između klasa, instanci i svojstava. Jedna od osnovnih prednosti OntoGrafa jeste nje­gova sposobnost da prikaže kako su pojedinačne instance povezane s različitim događajima, objek­tima i ulogama unutar ontologije. Kroz grafički prikaz, korisnici/e mogu brzo identifikovati koje su sve instance uključene u određene događaje, kako su povezane s drugim instancama i koje su njiho­ve uloge u cjelokupnom modelu. Ovo je posebno korisno kada se radi o složenim ontologijama koje uključuju veliki broj povezanih elemenata, kao što su kulturni, filmski ili književni festivali, gdje ima mnogo događaja, učesnika/ca i aktivnosti. U kon­tekstu ontologije razvijene za festival Bookstan, OntoGraf je korišten za jasnije i vizualno privlač- nije razumijevanje kompleksnih interakcija unutar festivala. U nastavku su prikazani primjeri korište­nja OntoGrafa za vizualizaciju ključnih elemenata ove ontologije.

Na donjem dijagramu je prikazana instanca mari- jaTodorova; stvarna osoba, bugarska historičar- ka Marija Todorova predstavljena je kao instanca klase Person, što znači da je ona fizičko lice koje je učestvovalo na festivalu. Dijagram jasno prika­zuje sve njene uloge i doprinose u različitim doga­đajima na festivalu, kao i veze s njenim radovima i izdavačima.

Instanca imaginarniBalkan predstavlja knjigu koju je napisala Marija Todorova, koja je poveza­na s izdavačem izdavačBuybook, što je dodat­no prikazano u dijagramu. Marija je bila učesnica nekoliko događaja tokom festivala, što je prikazano kroz veze s različitim instancama, poput speci- jalAktuelniIzazoviBalkanskogEnti- teta i otvorenjeBookstana. Ove veze jasno pokazuju u kojim je sve aktivnostima i diskusijama Marija Todorova učestvovala, što omogućava du­blje razumijevanje njenog doprinosa festivalu.

within the ontology. SPARQL queries allow for se­lective extraction of information, which is crucial for analysis and further practical application of the ontology. The combination of these techniques of­fers a comprehensive approach to the practical ap­plication of the ontology, demonstrating how theo­retical models can be used to produce real-world analyses and solutions.

OntoGraf is a visualization tool within Protégé that allows users to view and analyze complex networks of relationships between classes, instances, and properties. One of the main advantages of OntoGraf is its ability to display how individual instances are connected to various events, objects, and roles within the ontology. Through graphical representa­tion, users can quickly identify which instances are involved in specific events, how they are linked to other instances, and what their roles are within the overall model. This feature is particularly useful when dealing with complex ontologies that involve a large number of interconnected elements, such as cultural, film, or literary festivals, which typically encompass many events, participants, and activi­ties. In the context of the Bookstan festival ontol­ogy, OntoGraf was used to provide a clearer and more visually engaging understanding of the com­plex interactions within the festival. The following examples illustrate how OntoGraf was employed to visualize key elements of this ontology.

The diagram below illustrates the instance marij- aTodorova. The real person, Bulgarian historian Maria Todorova, is represented as an instance of the Person class, which means she is modelled as an individual who participated in the festival. The dia­gram clearly shows all her roles and contributions across different festival events, as well as her con­nections to her works and publishers.

The instance imaginarniBalkan represents the book written by Maria Todorova, which is linked to the publisher izdavačBuybook, also displayed in the diagram. Maria participated in several events during the festival, represented by links to instances such as specijalAktuelniIzazoviBal- kanskogEntiteta and otvorenjeBook- stana. These connections make it possible to see which activities and discussions Maria Todorova took part in, offering deeper insight into her contri­bution to the festival.

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Slika 3. Dijagram koji predstavlja instancu marijaTodorova

Figure 3. Diagram representing the instance marijaTodorova

Na sljedećem dijagramu je prikazana instanca američkiKutakSarajevo; instanca klase EventVenue koja u ontologiji predstavlja lokaci­ju održavanja različitih aktivnosti i događaja unutar festivala. Na ovom prikazu jasno su vidljive veze između ove lokacije i konkretnih promocija knjiga koje su tamo održane, uključuje i druge instance koje su povezane s tim promocijama.

On the following diagram, the instance američkiKutakSarajevo is shown; an in­stance of the EventVenue class, which in the on­tology represents a location where various activities and events of the festival took place. In this visu­alization, the connections between this venue and the specific book promotions held there are clearly visible, as well as other instances associated with those promotions.

Slika 4. Dijagram koji predstavlja instancu američkiKutakSarajevo

Figure 4. Diagram representing the instance američkiKutakSarajevo

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Na dijagramu se vidi i primjer jedne od promocija: promocijaČudesniSvijetIMaliTigar, koji je dodatno razrađen i pokazuje veze s autori­com (vesnaMišanović), moderatoricom (ane- laHakalović), učesnikom (mirsadAbdagić- Kike), kao i knjigama (čudesniSvijet; ma- liTigar) koje su promovisane tokom ovog doga­đaja. Ove veze omogućavaju sveobuhvatan uvid u to ko je učestvovao u promociji, koje su knjige bile u fokusu, kao i druge ključne informacije vezane za ovaj događaj. Ovaj vizualni prikaz pokazuje kako ontologija ne samo da organizuje podatke već ih i povezuje na način koji omogućava složenije pretra­ge i analize. Na primjer, lako je vidjeti sve događaje održane na lokaciji američkiKutakSarajevo i povezane entitete, poput knjiga i učesnika/ca, što olakšava praćenje i istraživanje kompleksnih odno­sa unutar festivala.

Na narednom dijagramu je prikazana instanca predstavaKućaUUliciMango; ona predstav­lja konkretan, podređeni događaj (subEvent) unutar većeg događaja (superEvent) promo- cijaKućaUUliciMango, gdje je u fokusu bila knjiga kućaUUliciMango. Kroz ovaj dijagram jasno se mogu vidjeti sve ključne komponente po­vezane s ovom promocijom, uključujući mjesto odr­žavanja, učesnike/ce, kao i uloge različitih osoba u okviru događaja.

On the diagram, one of the book promotions is also shown: promocijaČudesniSvijetIMaliTi gar, which is further elaborated to display its con­nections with the author (vesnaMišanović), the moderator (anelaHakalović), the participant (mirsadAbdagićKike), as well as the books (čudesniSvijet; maliTigar) that were promoted during this event. These links provide a comprehensive insight into who participated in the promotion, which books were in focus, and other key information related to this event. This visual representation demonstrates how the ontology not only organizes data but also connects it in ways that enable more complex searches and analyses. For instance, it becomes easy to view all events held at the američkiKutakSarajevo venue and the related entities, such as books and participants, thereby facilitating the tracking and exploration of the festival’s complex relationships.

The following diagram illustrates the instance predstavaKućaUUliciMango,which repre­sents a specific sub-event (subEvent) within the broader event (superEvent) promocija- KućaUUliciMango, centered on the book ku- ćaUUliciMango. Through this diagram, all key components associated with this promotion are cle­arly visible, including the venue, the participants, and the roles of different individuals within the event.

Slika 5. Dijagram koji predstavlja instancu predstavaKućaUUliciMango

Figure 5. Diagram representing the instance predstavaKućaUUliciMango

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Individua predstavaKućaUUliciMango je instanca potklase TheaterEvent i odnosi se na dramske adaptacije i izvedbu knjige Kuća u Ulici Mango (kućaUUliciMango) autorice Sandre Ci­sneros (sandraCisneros), u okviru promocije knjige promocijaKućaUUliciMango, koju je moderirala Amra Mutapčić Čengić (amraMu- tapčićČengić). Svoj doprinos predstavi su dali Edis Bilić (edisBilić), Sara Đurić (saraĐu- rić), Saša Krpotić (sašaKrpotić), Youth Art (youthArt), Helen O’Grady Academy Sarajevo (helenOGreadyAcademySarajevo) te Arma Tanović Branković (armaTanovićBranković) kao režiserka i Šejla Rizvanbegović Dvizac (šej- laRizvanbegovićDvizac) kao producentica. Ovaj dijagram na jednostavan i intuitivan način pri­kazuje složene odnose među entitetima te kako se jedan kulturni događaj može razgranati na više po­vezanih poddogađaja s različitim učesnicima/ama i komponentama.

SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Lan­guage) je standardizovani jezik za formulisanje upi­ta za podatke predstavljen u formatu RDF (Resour­ce Description Framework) (DuCharme, 2013). B. DuCharme navodi da ovaj jezik omogućava korisni- cima/ama da postavljaju upite na sličan način kao što SQL funkcioniše za relacione baze podataka, ali s fokusom na semantičke podatke organizovane u tripleove: subjekat, predikat, objekat (DuCharme, 2013). Koristeći SPARQL, moguće je lako pretraži­vati povezane podatke u ontologijama, a zbog svo­je fleksibilnosti, postao je ključni alat u domenima kao što su semantički web, digitalna humanistika i ontološko modeliranje. On se sastoji od nekoliko komponenti, uključujući klauzulu SELECT, koja specificira varijable koje će biti odabrane, i klauzu­lu WHERE, koja definiše uslove koje podaci moraju ispuniti da bi bili preuzeti (DuCharme, 2013). Za potrebe ovog istraživanja, upiti SPARQL su formu- lisani kako bi se došlo do specifičnih informacija o autorima/cama, knjigama i nagradama. Ovi upiti omogućili su efikasno pretraživanje i organizaciju podataka unutar ontologije, pružajući jasan uvid u ključne aspekte festivala.

Sljedeći primjeri prikazuju kako je SPARQL kori­šten za identifikaciju knjiga koje su promovisane na festivalu, zajedno s datumom, vremenom i mjestom održavanja, zatim za izlistavanje autora/ica po drža­vama iz kojih dolaze te za pronalaženje polaznika/ ca radionice koji su osvojili nagrade.

The individual predstavaKućaUUliciMango isaninstanceofthesubclass TheaterEvent andre- fers to the dramatic adaptation and performance of the book Kuća u Ulici Mango (kućaUUliciMango), authored by Sandra Cisneros (sandraCisne- ros), within the framework of the book pro­motion promocijaKućaUUliciMango, moderated by Amra Mutapčić Čengić (amraMutapčićČengić). Contributors to the play included Edis Bilić (edisBilić), Sara Đurić (saraĐurić), Saša Krpotić (sašaKrpotić), Youth Art (youthArt), Helen O’Grady Academy Sarajevo (helenOGready- AcademySarajevo), as well as Arma Tanović Branković (armaTanovićBranković) as the director, and Šejla Rizvanbegović Dvizac (šejlaRizvanbegovićDvizac) as the pro­ducer. This diagram clearly and intuitively illus­trates the complex relationships among entities, demonstrating how a single cultural event can branch out into multiple interconnected sub-events involving diverse participants and components.

SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Lan­guage) is a standardized language for querying data represented in the RDF (Resource Description Framework) format (DuCharme, 2013). As DuCha­rme notes, this language allows users to formulate queries in a manner similar to SQL for relational da­tabases, but with a focus on semantic data organized in triples: subject, predicate, object (DuCharme, 2013). By using SPARQL, it becomes possible to easily search linked data within ontologies. Due to its flexibility, SPARQL has become a key tool in do­mains such as the Semantic Web, digital humanities, and ontology modelling. It consists of several com­ponents, including the SELECT clause, which spec­ifies the variables to be retrieved, and the WHERE clause, which defines the conditions the data must satisfy in order to be returned (DuCharme, 2013). For the purposes of this research, SPARQL que­ries were formulated to extract specific information about authors, books, and awards. These queries enabled efficient searching and organization of data within the ontology, providing clear insight into key aspects of the festival.

The following examples demonstrate how SPARQL was used to identify books promoted at the festi­val—together with the date, time, and location of their promotion events—to list authors by their country of origin, and to find workshop participants who received awards.

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Ovaj SPARQL upit je formulisan da pretraži sve instance promocija knjiga unutar ontologije Book- stana za 2023. godinu. Upit se fokusira na pronala­ženje svih knjiga koje su bile predstavljene/promo- visane na događajima festivala, uključujući podatke o mjestu, datumu i vremenu tih promocija:

This SPARQL query was formulated to search all instances of book promotion events within the Bookstan 2023 ontology. The query focuses on re­trieving all books that were presented/promoted at festival events, including details of the venue, date, and time of these promotions:

PREFIX : <http://www.semanticweb.org/Bookstan2023#>

SELECT ?book ?event ?eventVenue ?dateTime

WHERE {

?book :wasPresentedAt ?event .

?event :location ?eventVenue .

?event :dateTime ?dateTime .}

| SPARQL query:

PREFIX: <http://www.semanticweb.Org/Bool:stan2023#>

SELECT ?book ?event ?evenWenue ?dateTime

WHERE{

?book wasPresentedAt ?event.

?event location ?eventVenue.

?event date Time ?dateTime.}

book

škriptajiKože

nigdjezemska

pedeset

evolucijaJedneKratkovidostilDrugePriče kućaUUliciMango

dječakČak

kamenISjenka

čarobnjak

versschmuggelKrijumčarenjeStitiova

smirnaGora

plastelinci

polaroidKauboj

event promocijaŠkriptajiKože promocijaBajkaUBajcilNigdjezemska promocijaPedeset

promocijaEvolucijaJeaneKratkovldostilDrugePriče promocijaKućaUUliciMango promocjaDječakČaklEna promocijaKamenISjenka

zatvaranjeBookstana

promocijaVersschmuggelKrijumčarenjeStihova promocijaSmirnaGora promocijaPlastelinci

promocijaPolaroidKauboj

akademijaLikovnihUmjetnosti američkiKutakSarajevo knjižara Buy book knjizaraBuybook američkiKutakSarajevo američkiKutakSarajevo knjižara Buybook knjizaraBuybook Knjižara Buy bo ok knjižara Buy bo ok historijskiMuzejBiH knjižaraBuybook

"2023-07-06T17:30:00” “2023-07-06T12 00 00" “2023-O7-08T16:00:00” “2023-07-06T13:00:00” ”2023-07-07T12:00:00” "2023-07-06T13:00:00” “2023-07-07T20:30:00” "2023-O7-08T20 30 00” “2023-07-06T11:00:00“ ”2023-07-07T13:00:00” ”2023-07-07T12:00:00” “2023-07-08T12:00:00”

Slika 6. Promocije knjiga po događajima na kojima su predstavljene, mjestu te datumu i vremenu održavanja

Figure 6. Book promotions by events in which they were presented, including venue, date, and time

U ovom SPARQL upitu cilj je bio da se identifikuju svi autori/ce povezani s festivalom Bookstan, zajed­no s državama njihovog porijekla. Upitom su traže­ne sve instance koje imaju addressCountry kao podatkovni atribut. Rezultati ovog upita omoguća­vaju pretragu svih autora/ica u ontologiji i njihovih država, što može biti korisno za analizu jednog fe­stivala koji ima međunarodni karakter. Sortiranjem rezultata po državama, upit nudi pregled organizo- van po geografskom porijeklu učesnika/ca te se tako može otkriti iz kojih država je učestvovalo najviše autora/ica:

The aim of this SPARQL query was to identify all authors associated with the Bookstan festival, along with their countries of origin. The query searches for all instances that have addressCountry as a data property. The results provide an overview of all authors in the ontology and their respective countries, which is especially useful for analyzing a festival with an international character. By sorting the results by country, the query offers a geographi­cally organized overview of participants, making it possible to identify from which countries the largest number of authors came:

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PREFIX : <http://www.semanticweb.org/Bookstan2023#>

SELECT ?author ?country

WHERE { ?author :addressCountry ?country . }

ORDER BY ?country

Slika 7. Autori/ce po državama

Figure 7. Authors by country

Treći SPARQL upit je fokusiran na identifikaciju svih instanci unutar ontologije koje su dobile na­grade tokom festivala. Upit traži sve instance koje imaju podatkovni atribut award, a zatim prikazuje te instance zajedno s vrijednostima tog atributa.

Ovaj upit omogućava pregled svih nagrađenih enti­teta u okviru festivala, što može uključivati autore, knjige, ili čak specifične događaje, no kako su na­grade dodjeljivane samo polaznicima/ama radioni­ce, prikazane su samo te instance:

The third SPARQL query focuses on identifying all instances within the ontology that received awards during the festival. The query searches for all in­stances that have the award data property and then displays those instances together with the values of that property.

This query provides an overview of all awarded en­tities within the festival, which could theoretically include authors, books, or even specific events. However, since awards were only given to workshop participants, only those instances are displayed:

PREFIX : <http://www.semanticweb.org/Bookstan2023#>

SELECT ?instance ?awardValue

WHERE {?instance :award ?awardValue}

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SPARQL query:

PREFIX: <http://www.semanticweb.Org/Bookstan2023#>

SELECT ?instance ?awardValue

WHERE {?instance award ?awardValue}

instance

pabloSrdanović

emilijaVučićević

stanislavaPaunović

zejnebaHajdarević

"2. nagrada"

"Specijalna nagrada’

“1. nagrada"

"3. nagrada"

Slika 8. SPARQL upit za definisanje dobitnika/ca nagrada

Figure 8. SPARQL query for defining award recipients

3. Diskusija

Digitalno arhiviranje i ontološko modeliranje 8. iz­danja Bookstan festivala predstavlja značajan korak k očuvanju književne kulturne baštine Sarajeva i Bosne i Hercegovine, a i među prvim je radovima koji ontološki modelira jedan književni festival. Ova studija pokazuje važnost integracije seman­tičkih tehnologija u kulturni sektor, što omogućava dugoročno očuvanje i poboljšan pristup kulturnim resursima. Nakon što su u prethodnim poglavljima predstavljeni metodologija, rezultati i analiza ovog istraživanja, u ovome je moguće dati odgovore na istraživačka pitanja postavljena u Uvodu:

IP1: Koje su ključne komponente i entiteti koji bi trebali biti uključeni u ontološki model za digital­no arhiviranje Bookstana?

Ključne komponente ontološkog modela za digital­no arhiviranje 8. izdanja festivala Bookstan uklju­čuju događaje (Event), djela (CreativeWork), osobe (Person), organizacije (Organization) i lokacije (EventVenue). Događaji su kategori­zirani prema tipu (npr. književni događaji, muzički događaji), dok kreativna djela obuhvataju knjige, kritike/članke i muzičke albume predstavljene na festivalu. Osobe uključuju autore/ice, predavače/ ice, moderatore/ice i učesnike/ice raznih događaja, dok su lokacije prostori gdje su događaji održani;

IP2: Kako ontološko modeliranje u Protégéu može poboljšati organizaciju, pretraživanje i dostupnost digitalnih resursa vezanih za ovaj festival?

Ontološko modeliranje u Protégé-u omogućava pre­ciznu organizaciju i pretraživanje podataka kroz ko­rištenje upita SPARQL. Semantička interoperabil- nost, postignuta kroz korištenje standarda Schema.

5. Discussion

The digital archiving and ontological modelling of the 8th edition of the Bookstan festival represents a significant step toward preserving the literary cultural heritage of Sarajevo and Bosnia and Her­zegovina, and it is also among the first works to ontologically model a literary festival. This study demonstrates the importance of integrating seman­tic technologies into the cultural sector, enabling long-term preservation and improved access to cul­tural resources. After presenting the methodology, results, and analysis in the previous chapters, this section provides answers to the research questions posed in the Introduction:

RQ1: What are the key components and entities that should be included in the ontological model for the digital archiving of Bookstan?

The key components of the ontological model for the digital archiving of the 8th edition of the Book- stan festival include categories such as Event, CreativeWork, Person, Organization, and EventVenue. Events are categorized by type (e.g., literary events, music events), while creative works cover books, critiques/articles, and music albums presented at the festival. Persons include authors, lecturers, moderators, and participants in various events, whereas event venues represent the spaces where the events took place.

RQ2: How can ontological modeling in Protégé improve the organization, retrieval, and accessi­bility of digital resources related to this festival?

Ontological modelling in Protégé enables precise organization and retrieval of data through the use of SPARQL queries. Semantic interoperability,

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org, dodatno omogućava da se podaci u ontologiji lako integrišu i razmjenjuju s drugim sistemima i platformama. Vizualizacija podataka putem Onto- Grafa pruža intuitivno razumijevanje veza između različitih entiteta, olakšavajući istraživačima pri­stup i analizu podataka. Također, mogućnost inte­gracije s postojećim ontologijama kao što su FOAF i BIBO dodatno poboljšava dostupnost i organizaci­ju digitalnih resursa;

IP3: Koji su izazovi i potencijalna rješenja u in­tegraciji ontoloških okvira s postojećim praksama digitalnog arhiviranja kulturnih festivala?

Jedan od glavnih izazova u integraciji ontoloških okvira s postojećim praksama digitalnog arhiviranja jest postizanje ravnoteže između složenosti modela i njegove praktične upotrebljivosti. CIDOC CRM, na primjer, pruža bogat okvir za modeliranje kultur­nih podataka, ali njegova složenost može biti preko­mjerna za specifične potrebe kao što je arhiviranje jednog izdanja festivala. S druge strane, Schema. org nudi jednostavniji i direktniji model koji je lak­še implementirati i koristiti, ali može biti ograničen u nekim aspektima detaljnog modeliranja. Poten­cijalno rješenje leži u korištenju hibridnog modela koji kombinuje prednosti oba pristupa—korištenje jednostavnijih schema za osnovne informacije i proširenje sa specifičnim elementima iz složenijih modela kada je to potrebno;

IP4: Kakav uticaj može imati razvijeni ontološki model na očuvanje i promociju kulturne baštine kakva je Bookstan?

Razvijeni ontološki model ima značajan uticaj na očuvanje i promociju kulturne baštine; kroz struktu­rirano i interoperabilno predstavljanje podataka, on­tologija omogućava dugoročno očuvanje informa­cija o festivalu i olakšava njihovo pretraživanje. To omogućava istraživačima/cama i organizatorima/ cama bolji pristup arhiviranim podacima, čime se doprinosi kontinuiranoj promociji kulturne baštine. Model također omogućava bolju vidljivost festivala i njegovo povezivanje sa sličnim kulturnim inicija­tivama u regiji i šire;

IP5: Kako ontološki model može pružiti podršku interdisciplinarnim istraživanjima i podstaći sa- radnju između kulturoloških studija, digitalne hu- manistike i informacijskih nauka?

Ontološki model 8. izdanja festivala Bookstan pruža okvir koji olakšava saradnju između različitih aka­demskih disciplina. U kulturalnim studijama, ovaj model omogućava istraživačima/cama da analizira­ju kulturne i književne aspekte festivala kroz detalj­no strukturirane podatke. U digitalnoj humanistici,

achieved through the application of the Schema. org standard, further allows the ontology’s data to be easily integrated and exchanged with other sys­tems and platforms. Visualization with OntoGraf provides an intuitive understanding of the relation­ships between different entities, making data access and analysis easier for researchers. In addition, the possibility of integrating existing ontologies such as FOAF and BIBO further enhances the accessibility and organization of digital resources.

RQ3: What are the challenges and potential solu­tions in integrating ontological frameworks with existing practices of digital archiving cultural fes­tivals?

One of the main challenges in integrating ontologi­cal frameworks with existing digital archiving prac­tices is achieving a balance between model com­plexity and practical usability. CIDOC CRM, for example, provides a rich framework for modelling cultural data, but its complexity may be excessive for specific needs such as archiving a single edition of a festival. On the other hand, Schema.org offers a simpler and more straightforward model that is easier to implement and use, but it can be limited in certain aspects of detailed modelling. A potential solution lies in adopting a hybrid model that com­bines the advantages of both approaches—using simpler schemas for basic information and extend­ing them with specific elements from more complex models when necessary.

RQ4: What impact can the developed ontological model have on the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage such as Bookstan?

The developed ontological model has a significant impact on the preservation and promotion of cul­tural heritage. Through the structured and interop­erable representation of data, the ontology ensures the long-term preservation of information about the festival and facilitates its retrieval. This en­ables researchers and organizers to access archived data more effectively, contributing to the continu­ous promotion of cultural heritage. The model also increases the visibility of the festival and supports its connection with similar cultural initiatives both within the region and internationally.

RQ5: How can the ontological model support in­terdisciplinary research and foster collaboration between cultural studies, digital humanities, and information science?

The ontological model of the 8th edition of the Bookstan festival provides a framework that facili­tates collaboration across academic disciplines. In

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model može poslužiti kao primjer kako se digitalni alati mogu koristiti za očuvanje i analizu kultur­ne baštine. U informacijskim naukama, ontologija služi kao studija slučaja za primjenu semantičkog weba i ontoloških tehnologija u praksi. Kombino- vanjem ovih različitih perspektiva, ontološki mo­del podstiče interdisciplinarnu saradnju i inovacije, omogućavajući istraživačima i istraživačicama iz različitih oblasti da zajednički rade na projektima koji obuhvataju više aspekata kulturne baštine.

6. Zaključak

Ova ontologija pruža strukturu za očuvanje i pri­stup informacijama o 8. izdanju festivala Book- stan, omogućavajući budućim istraživačima/cama da istražuju bogatu kulturnu baštinu BiH na način koji ranije nije bio dostupan. Digitalno arhiviranje i ontološko modeliranje doprinose očuvanju kultur­nih događaja i omogućavaju bolju povezanost i do­stupnost informacija u digitalnom dobu. Ontologije su sama srž semantičkog weba (Biagetti, 2021), a kako navodi S. Dizdar, za njegove je potrebe važ­no razviti takve ontologije koje će opisati sisteme pojmova o svemu što je na webu predstavljeno te omogućiti računarima da prikupljaju informacije s različitih internetskih izvora, kako bi odgovorili na upite korisnika/ca (Dizdar, 2011). Kako semantički web dobiva na važnosti, dobivat će i ontologije kao njegova suština, pa je rad na razvijanju ontologija, ali i baza znanja (Knowledge Base) i grafova znanja (Knowledge Graph) od velike koristi za daljnji ra­zvoj koncepta semantičkog weba.

Ovaj rad doprinosi upravo tom cilju, jer predstavlja početni korak k izgradnji sveobuhvatne baze znanja koja se odnosi na jedan sarajevski kulturni događaj, a također može poslužiti kao model ontologije za digitalno arhiviranje drugih kulturnih manifestacija, ne samo u Bosni i Hercegovini već i šire, pružajući okvir za standardizaciju pristupa podacima o knji­ževnom festivalu.

cultural studies, it enables researchers to analyze the cultural and literary aspects of the festival through detailed, structured data. In digital humanities, the model serves as an example of how digital tools can be applied to preserve and analyze cultural heri­tage. In information science, the ontology functions as a case study in the practical use of the Semantic Web and ontological technologies. By combining these different perspectives, the ontological model encourages interdisciplinary collaboration and in­novation, allowing scholars from diverse fields to work together on projects that encompass multiple dimensions of cultural heritage.

7. Conclusion

This ontology provides a structure for preserving and accessing information about the 8th edition of the Bookstan festival, enabling future researchers to explore Bosnia and Herzegovina’s rich cultural heritage in ways that were not previously possible. Digital archiving and ontological modelling con­tribute to the preservation of cultural events and allow for improved connectivity and accessibility of information in the digital age. Ontologies are at the very core of the Semantic Web (Biagetti, 2021). As Dizdar emphasizes, it is essential to develop ontologies that describe systems of concepts for everything represented on the web, enabling com­puters to collect information from different sources in order to respond to user queries (Dizdar, 2011). As the Semantic Web grows in importance, so too will ontologies as its essence. Work on developing ontologies, as well as knowledge bases and knowl­edge graphs, will therefore be of great value for the further advancement of the Semantic Web.

This study contributes directly to that goal by offer­ing an initial step toward building a comprehensive knowledge base related to a Sarajevo cultural event. At the same time, it serves as a model ontology for the digital archiving of other cultural manifesta­tions, not only in Bosnia and Herzegovina but also beyond, providing a framework for standardizing access to data about literary festivals.

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