Review of Croatian History

A homage to agitprop: Ivo Goldstein, Povijesni revizionizam i neoustaštvo – Hrvatska 1989. – 2022 [Historical Revisionism, and Neo-Ustashism – Croatia 1989-2022] (Zagreb: Fraktura, 2023) or How to expose historian Goldstein’s ignorance and deceptions – A

Vladimir Geiger — Sat, 21 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0100

Strategies for Disciplining Students in the “Old School” Practice in Croatia

Snježana Dubovicki, Emerik Munjiza — Sat, 21 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The paper examines disciplining students in the conditions of the so-called old school practice. It is based on the analysis of primary and secondary sources, as well as available pedagogical documentation and literature of the subjected era: school laws and regulations, teaching and disciplinary levels, regulations, orders and instructions. The old school was temporally determined by relevant factors and characteristics. The connection between the social environment has been established: state-political organisation, economic status and orientation, social value systems, school system and circumstances with student discipline strategies. In school practice of the old schools repressive and incentive disciplinary strategies are identified and analysed. The following forms have been identified in the area of repressive educational strategy: emotional inconveniences, deprivation of mental pleasures, social isolation and various forms of corporal punishment. According to the school regulations of the time, the following corporal punishment was granted: standing behind or next to the desk, kneeling, flogging with a prescribed stick on the palms. However, the following unlawful corporal punishments were also recorded in school practice: standing on one leg, kneeling on bare knees on grains of food or sand, hitting with a club, ruler, book; slapping, hear or ear pulling, kicking with a leg, throwing to the ground. Incentive educational strategy was based on evoking emotional comfort and was realised through praise, recognition and awards. Praises were oral and written, and recognitions were awarded in the form of diplomas or different types of medals. The awards were also material: money, clothes and footwear, items of use value, books and school supplies.

Also, the results of the research show that in imposing repressive and incentive measures, the following general educational principles were recommended: gradualness, appropriateness, consistency, impartiality, justification and openness (if a repressive measure yields results, it should be annulated). The identified and described strategies of school disciplining should be viewed within the described social, political, economic framework, as well as the then school opportunities and school system. However, it is significant that the recommended educational principles in imposing disciplinary measures also have elements of modernity.

Alpenwelt – entdecken und erleben: Kurze Geschichte des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins mit besonderem Fokus auf die mit Slowenen besiedelten Gebieten

Marija Mojca Peternel — Sat, 21 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0100

Der vorliegende Beitrag beleuchtet die Hintergründe der Entstehung des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins (DuOeAV), seine Struktur und Tätigkeiten und gibt einen kurzen Überblick über seine Sektionen auf die mit Slowenen besiedelten Gebiete. Er deckte nicht nur einen großen Teil des heutigen europäischen Raumes ab und hinterließ tiefe Spuren in der Alpenwelt. Der Verein, der aus dem Wunsch heraus gegründet wurde, die Alpenwelt den Menschen so nahe wie möglich zu bringen, blieb zumindest bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg dieser “alpinen” Sache treu. Der Anschluss Österreichs an Deutschland im Jahr 1938 dagegen führte zu seiner Umbenennung in Deutschen Alpenverein, was auch der Anfang vom Ende des Vereins und einen endgültigen Bruch mit diesem Standpunkt war. Seitdem diente er als Instrument der großdeutschen Politik zur Unterstützung der nationalsozialistischen Ideologie. Der Beitrag basiert auf einem Studium der Quellen des Vereins, insbesondere ihres wichtigsten Mitteilungsblattes Mitteilungen des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins und der Zeitungen jener Zeit. In diesem Zusammenhang sind vor allem die lokalen Zeitungen zu erwähnen, insbesondere die des damaligen slowenischen Raumes.

La « capitulation » de Stjepan Radić et l’échec de sa politique de coopération avec Belgrade

Miro Kovač — Sat, 21 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0100

Après la création du Royaume des Serbes, Croates et Slovènes en décembre 1918 le président du Parti paysan croate Stjepan Radić devint le leader du mouvement national croate. Confronté à l’échec de sa politique obstructionniste, sans aide substantielle d’une puissance étrangère pour « affranchir le peuple croate » de la « tyrannie serbe », mis en prison pour avoir « conspiré avec les Soviets », en juillet 1925 il accepta finalement de coopérer avec « Belgrade », notamment avec ennemi politique et geôlier Nikola Pašić, le chef du Parti radical national. Arriver à une « paix » entre Croates et Serbes et consolider le royaume balkanique allié, ce fut également le souhait de la France officielle, dont le président du Conseil Édouard Herriot n’avait pas manqué d’user de son influence au sein de la presse de gauche pour promouvoir cette idée. Radić abandonna alors sa politique obstructionniste, reconnut la Constitution centralisatrice du Vidovdan, abjura le républicanisme, leva son opposition au service militaire, et entra même au gouvernement de Pašić comme ministre de l’Instruction publique. Cependant, ainsi Radić se révéla encore plus dangereux pour la caste politico-militaire serbe. Car non seulement le « trublion croate » gênait le fonctionnement du gouvernement, mais, au surplus, il tâchait d’élargir sa base électorale majoritairement paysanne aux dépens de celle de ses « partenaires » radicaux. En avril 1926, il fut invité à se retirer du ministère, et en janvier 1927 il mit fin à la coopération avec le Parti national radical. Son échec de s’implanter en Vieille Serbie l’amena à s’allier à un autre ancien ennemi mortel, Svetozar Pribićević, l’énergique Serbe ex-habsbourgeois, avec lequel il forma, en novembre 1927, la Coalition démocrate paysanne (SDK), formation qui regroupait la majorité des Croates et des Serbes de l’ancien royaume triunitaire. Le nouveau bloc des prečani fut la plus dangereuse force d’opposition dans la courte histoire du royaume, et il n’est guère surprenant que le roi Alexandre s’efforçât de le briser à tout prix.

The Strength of Socialism is in Diversity!”: Mikhail Gorbachev’s Visit to Yugoslavia (March 14 – 18, 1988)

Ivica Miškulin, Domagoj Kukulj — Sat, 21 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0100

This article describes the visit of Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in March 1988. Gorbachev spent five days in Yugoslavia, during which he visited three of its socialist republics. The introductory chapters provide an overview of the history of Soviet-Yugoslav relations, with a special focus on the period immediately preceding the visit, as well as a brief description of Gorbachev’s reforms and the international political situation of that period. The historical context of the visit and its various aspects and representations in the Soviet and Yugoslav press are analysed in the following chapters, with a detailed itinerary also being included. Special attention is given to various speeches by both the Soviet and Yugoslav functionaries, especially Gorbachev’s speech in the Assembly of the SFRY as well as the Soviet-Yugoslav Declaration. Finally, a brief overview of the reactions to the visit and its consequences is presented.

Attempts of defamation of Croatia as antisemitic in the 1990s: False flag operation Labrador

Andrijana Perković Paloš — Sat, 21 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0100

On August 19, 1991, during the Greater-Serbian aggression on Croatia, two explosive devices were set and activated at the door of the Jewish Community Center and in the Jewish section of Cemetery Mirogoj in Zagreb. The terrorist act was a false-flag operation, later called Labrador, performed by the Yugoslav People’s Army Security administration, with aim of accusing Croatia of increased antisemitism and portraying Croatian authorities as “pro-fascist”. Croatian leadership strongly condemned the attack. They also expressed their solidarity and support for the Jewish community in Croatia by organizing and attending a protest rally.

Towards a New Historical Geography: the possibilities of GIS-aided historical statistics and fine-scale, longue durée and supranational comparisons in Croatian history*

Sat, 21 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0100

In the last decade a number of serial sources were processed by several research groups separately for the Medieval, Ottoman and Early Modern periods in Hungary. However, the structure of these allow them both to be integrated to each other and be visualized on maps with the aid of GIS-techniques. The character of these integrated databases thus allow researchers (1) to map and investigate territorial patterns, regional inequalities of different scale, (2) the temporal changes in territorial patterns and (3) to run multivariate statistics on bulk data. The success of the GISta Hungarorum in Hungary (www.gistory.hu, http://gistahungarorum.abtk.hu ) drove the different research groups to unify their forces and create a longue-durée, fine-resolution (settlement or parish-level) database for the Kingdom of Hungary (1330-2010) in order to analyze history from a different perspective and to help regional planning by assessing path dependency, drawing optimal landuse, etc. Furthermore, broadening the cooperation the investigation area was extended to Croatia for several time horizons to be processed in the future with the aid of Croatian colleagues involved in Hungarian projects (1330, 1500, Ottoman period, 1780s). This article of methodological focus introduces the first results of the joint work on Croatian examples – with the aim of giving a new perspective in historical geography and historical statistics.

Franjo Tuđman and the Croatian Community/Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia

Nikica Barić — Sat, 21 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0100

This paper examines the role of Franjo Tuđman, President of the Republic of Croatia, in the establishment of Croatian communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The thesis posited is that, through his political views, Tuđman had a decisive influence on the founding of the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia and its policies. The establishment of this community took place within the broader framework of Tuđman’s thoughts on how to resolve the Yugoslav crisis or the relationship between Croatia and Serbia.

Bosnia and Herzegovina as a community of three constitutive peoples on a confederate basis (on Croatian policies toward BiH during the Croatian War of Independence)

Ante Nazor — Sat, 21 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0100

This work presents the issue of the Croatian policies towards Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) from 1990 to 1996. In regard to the sources required to form an understanding of and being able to contextualize the Croatian policies towards Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is important to single out the contents of the meeting held in the Office of the President of Croatia on May 11, 1993. On that occasion, President Tuđman spoke about “the problems relating to the Croatian-Muslim conflicts in Bosnia”, about continued existence of Bosnia and Herzegovina and about Bosnia and Herzegovina’s internal system of governance. The meeting was closed to the public and was held immediately after the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) had launched an attack on the Croatian Defense Council (HVO) in Mostar. In the concluding segment of this work key facts about the role of the Republic of Croatia and Croats in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina are laid out in chronological order. These facts should not be ignored in scholarly analyses about the Croatian policies towards Bosnia and Herzegovina during the period under discussion.