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Publication date: 2023
Volume: 22
Issue: 39
Vijest
New Cartographic Terms 2
Nedjeljko Frančula
; Geodetski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Kačićeva 26, Zagreb
Miljenko Lapaine
; Geodetski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Kačićeva 26, Zagreb
Sažetak
After the publication of the Cartographic Dictionary (Frančula et al. 2020), this journal published definitions of newly created cartographic terms, as well as terms that the authors failed to include in the dictionary (Frančula, Lapaine 2022). Due to the rapid development of technology, new terms are created every day, so here we provide a list of them with definitions. Terms from computer science, especially artificial intelligence, necessary for cartographers are also included.After the publication of the Cartographic Dictionary (Frančula et al. 2020), this journal published definitions of newly created cartographic terms, as well as terms that the authors failed to include in the dictionary (Frančula, Lapaine 2022). Due to the rapid development of technology, new terms are created every day, so here we provide a list of them with definitions. Terms from computer science, especially artificial intelligence, necessary for cartographers are also included.
Ključne riječi
Cartographic Dictionary; terminology; artificial intelligence
Hrčak ID:
306279
URI
Datum izdavanja:
28.4.2023.
Posjeta: 558 *
Podaci o članku
References / Literatura
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Rollén O (2022) Automation and Autonomy in the Future. Geospatial World , 12, 1, 18-19.https://issuu.com/geospatialworld/docs/jan-feb_2022_geospatial_world_digita_version/s/14928447 ( 20.08.2022 )
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New Cartographic Terms 2
After the publication of the Cartographic Dictionary (Frančula et al. 2020), this journal published definitions of newly created cartographic terms, as well as terms that the authors failed to include in the dictionary (Frančula, Lapaine 2022). Due to the rapid development of technology, new terms are created every day, so here we provide a list of them with definitions. Terms from computer science, especially artificial intelligence, necessary for cartographers are also included.
All terms are arranged alphabetically. When a term consists of two or more words, the first is always a noun. For example, an expanded paper map is included in the dictionary as map, expanded paper. A comma means that the usual word order is reversed. Terms in foreign languages are entered in the dictionary in the same way.
A synonym of the term is marked with also. Preference is given to the first term listed. If there are synonyms in a foreign language, they are separated by a semicolon (;).
See refers to the terms that served in the definition of a certain term or are closely related to it. If that term was included in the Cartographic Dictionary, or in the previous list of new cartographic terms, we did not list it here.
Some additional information is given in the Note.
autonomy
in computer science, automation without human participation
Cro. autonomija
Fr. autonomie
Ger. Autonomie
cartography, deviant
branch of cartography that deals with deviations from the cartographic standard
Note: It deals with deviations that not only contributed to the further development of the discipline, but also established connections with the concept of life chances of the German-British sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf (1929–2009)
Cro. kartografija, devijantna
Fr. cartographie déviante
Ger. Kartographie, deviante
cartography, mobile
branch of cartography that deals with theories, methods and technologies of dynamic and adaptive cartographic visualization of geoinformation and their interactive use on mobile devices
Cro. kartografija, mobilna
Fr. cartographie mobile
Ger. Kartographie, mobile
cartography, volunteered
branch of cartography that investigates the role of volunteers in map making
Cro. kartografija, dobrovoljna
Fr. cartographie bénévole
Ger. Kartographie, freiwillige
chatbot
a computer program that uses artificial intelligence and natural language processing to understand user questions and automate responses to them, simulating a human conversation
See: intelligence, artificial; processing, natural language
Cro. program za razgovor
ChatGPT
a large language model developed and trained by Open AI – a company for research and implementation of artificial intelligence and is intended to talk to people in many languages
See: model, linguistic; model, large lingual; intelligence, artificial
Cro. ChatGPT
crowdsourcing, paid
Note: Since it is not possible to attract enough volunteers to solve certain tasks, paid mass data collection is starting to be applied
See: crowdsourcing
Cro. prikupljanje podataka, plaćeno masovno
language, natural
language arose naturally as a means of communication between people
Cro. jezik, prirodni
Fr. langage naturel; langage ordinaire
Ger. Sprache, natürliche
map, augmented paper
See: map, augmented
Cro. karta, proširena papirnata
map, augmented reality
See: map, augmented
Cro. karta proširene stvarnosti
Fr. carte en réalité augmentée
Ger. Karte, augmented Reality
map, augmented
Also: map, expanded paper; map, augmented reality
a map that enhances the information of a paper map with additional virtual elements
Cro. karta, proširena
Fr. carte augmentée
metaverse
a persistent multi-user environment that combines physical reality with digital virtuality
Note: It is based on the convergence of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies that enable multisensory interactions with virtual environments, digital objects, and people.
See: reality, virtual; reality, augmented
Cro. metaverzum; metasvemir
Fr. métaverse
Ger. Metaverzum
model, language
the result of the application of various statistical and probabilistic techniques to determine the occurrence of a certain sequence of words in a sentence
Cro. model, jezični
Fr. modèle de langage
Ger. Sprachmodell
model, large language
a deep learning algorithm that can recognize, summarize, translate, predict, and generate text and other content based on knowledge gained from huge data sets
See: algorithm; learning, deep
Cro. model, veliki jezični
Fr. grand modèle de langage
Ger. Sprachmodell, großes
processing, natural language
a branch of computer science that allows computers to understand text and spoken words in much the same way that humans can
See: language, natural; intelligence, artificial
Cro. obrada prirodnog jezika
Fr. traitement du langage naturel
Ger. Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache
ship, autonomous
a ship that can act independently of human interaction to a certain extent or a ship that is able to make decisions and determine actions by itself
Note: The International Maritime Organization (IMO) distinguishes four degrees of autonomy for the purpose of autonomous navigation: manned ships with automated processes and decision support; remotely controlled ships with seafarers on board; remotely controlled ships without seafarers on board; and fully autonomous ships that can make decisions and determine actions by themselves
Cro. brod, autonomni
Fr. navire autonome
Ger. Shiff, autonomes
New Cartographic Terms 2
Nakon objave Kartografskog rječnika (Frančula i dr. 2020) u ovom časopisu objavljene su definicije novo nastalih kartografskih naziva, ali i naziva koje su autori propustili uvrstiti u rječnik (Frančula, Lapaine 2022). Zbog ubrzanog razvoja tehnologije svakodnevno nastaju novi nazivi, pa ovdje navodimo njihov popis s definicijama. Uključeni su i nazivi iz računalne znanosti, posebno umjetne inteligencije, nužni kartografima.
Svi nazivi poredani su po abecedi. Kada se naziv sastoji od dviju ili više riječi, prva je uvijek imenica. Na primjer proširena papirnata karta uvrštena je u rječnik kao karta, proširena papirnata. Zarez znači da je uobičajeni redoslijed riječi obrnut. Na isti način upisani su u rječnik i nazivi na stranim jezicima.
Sinonim nazivu označen je s također. Prednost se daje prvom navedenom nazivu. Ako u stranom jeziku postoje sinonimi, odvojeni su točkom sa zarezom (;).
S vidi upućuje se na nazive koji su poslužili u definiciji određenog naziva ili su u uskoj vezi s njim. Ako je taj naziv uvršten u Kartografski rječnik, ili u prethodni popis novih kartografskih naziva nismo ga ovdje navodili.
U napomeni dane su neke dodatne informacije.
autonomija
u informatici automatizacija bez sudjelovanja ljudi
En. autonomy
Fr. autonomie
Ger. Autonomie
brod, autonomni
brod koji u određenoj mjeri može djelovati neovisno o ljudskoj interakciji ili brod koji je u stanju donositi odluke i sam odrediti akcije
Napomena: Međunarodna pomorska organizacija (IMO) razlikuje četiri stupnja autonomije u svrhu autonomne plovidbe: brodovi s posadom s automatiziranim procesima i potporom pri odlučivanju; daljinski upravljani brodovi s pomorcima na brodu; daljinski upravljani brodovi bez pomoraca na brodu; i potpuno autonomni brodovi koji sami mogu donositi odluke i određivati akcije.
En. ship, autonomous
Fr. navire autonome
Ger. Shiff, autonomes
ChatGPT
veliki jezični model koji je razvila i trenira ga Open AI – tvrtka za istraživanje i implementaciju umjetne inteligencije, a namijenjen je razgovoru s ljudima na mnogim jezicima
Vidi: model, jezični; model, veliki jezični; inteligencija, umjetna
En. ChatGPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer)
jezik, prirodni
jezik nastao prirodnim putem kao sredstvo komunikacije među ljudima
En. language, natural
Fr. langage naturel; langage ordinaire
Ger. Sprache, natürliche
karta, proširena
Također: karta, proširena papirnata; karta proširene stvarnosti
karta kojom se poboljšavaju informacije papirnate karte dodatnim virtualnim elementima
En. map, augmented
Fr. carte augmentée
karta proširene stvarnosti
Vidi: karta, proširena
En. map, augmented reality
Fr. carte en réalité augmentée
Ger. Karte, augmented Reality
kartografija, devijantna
grana kartografije koja se bavi odstupanjima od kartografskog standarda
Napomena: Bavi se odstupanjima koja su ne samo pridonijela daljnjem razvoju discipline, već i uspostavila veze s konceptom životnih šansi njemačko-britanskog sociologa Ralfa Dahrendorfa (1929 – 2009)
En. cartography, deviant
Fr. cartographie déviante
Ger. Kartographie, deviante
kartografija, dobrovoljna
Također: kartografija, volonterska grana kartografije koja istražuje ulogu dobrovoljaca (volontera) u izradi karata
En. cartography, volunteered
Fr. cartographie bénévole
Ger. Kartographie, freiwillige
kartografija, mobilna
grana kartografije koja se bavi teorijama, metodama i tehnologijama dinamičke i adaptivne kartografske vizualizacije geoinformacija i njihove interaktivne uporabe na mobilnim uređajima
En. cartography, mobile
Fr. cartographie mobile
Ger. Kartographie, mobile
metaverzum
Također: metasvemir
trajno višekorisničko okruženje koje spaja fizičku stvarnost s digitalnom virtualnošću
Napomena: Temelji se na konvergenciji tehnologija virtualne stvarnosti (VR) i proširene stvarnosti (AR) koje omogućuju multisenzorne interakcije s virtualnim okruženjima, digitalnim objektima i ljudima.
Vidi: stvarnost, virtualna; stvarnost, proširena
En. metaverse
Fr. métaverse
Ger. Metaverzum
model, jezični
rezultat primjene različitih statističkih i probabilističkih tehnika za određivanje pojavljivanja određenog niza riječi u rečenici
En. model, language
Fr. modèle de langage
Ger. Sprachmodell
model, veliki jezični
algoritam dubokog učenja koji može prepoznati, sažeti, prevesti, predvidjeti i generirati tekst i druge sadržaje na temelju znanja stečenog iz ogromnih skupova podataka
Vidi: algoritam; učenje, duboko
En. model, large language
Fr. grand modèle de langage
Ger. Sprachmodell, großes
obrada prirodnog jezika
grana računalne znanosti točnije, grana umjetne inteligencije koja omogućuje računalima da razumiju tekst i izgovorene riječi na gotovo isti način na koji to mogu ljudi
Vidi: jezik, prirodni; inteligencija, umjetna
En. processing, natural language
Fr. traitement du langage naturel
Ger. Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache
prikupljanje podataka, plaćeno masovno
Napomena: Budući da za rješavanje određenih zadataka nije moguće privući dovoljan broj dobrovoljaca, počinje se primjenjivati plaćeno masovno prikupljanje podataka.
Vidi: prikupljanje podataka, masovno
En. crowdsourcing, paid
program za razgovor
računalni program koji se koristi umjetnom inteligencijom i obradom prirodnog jezika za razumijevanje pitanja korisnika i automatiziranje odgovora na njih, simulirajući ljudski razgovor
Vidi: inteligencija, umjetna; obrada prirodnog jezika
En. chatbot