IGNIS, INCENDIUM, FORTUITUS CASUS – D. 19, 2, 9, 3 AND THE RISK OF FIRE IN LOCATIO FUNDI

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25234/pv/15430

Keywords:

incendium, ignis, fortuitus casus, vis maior, locatio conductio, fire

Abstract

The paper discusses the issues of the contents and the significance of Ulpian’s text D. 19, 2, 9, 3 within a wider context of allocation of risk in lease agreements and the place of fire, conflagration (incendium) among the different forms of vis maior in Roman legal sources. Considering the problem of subsequent impossibility of performance in locatio conductio (rei), D. 19, 2, 9, 3 stands out as the one mentioning periculum in relation to locatio fundi, however, it is burdened by different interpretations. The analysis in the article starts with the D. 19, 2, 9, 3 and then continues setting it in the context of other related texts in which the Roman jurists dealt with the problem of fire in lease agreements. The conclusion is drawn on the probable changes in the text as well as on the function of the term fortuitus casus in the line of the texts dealing with fire. It emphasizes the connection between fire (ignis) and conflagration (incendium) marked by the words fortuitus casus, which would show a differentiated approach to incendium as a form and an example of vis maior.

References

Aličić S, Imovinska šteta u rimskom klasičnom pravu (University Press 2017)

Arangio-Ruiz V, Istituzioni di diritto romano (14th edn, Jovene 1960)

Arangio-Ruiz V, Responsabilità Contrattuale in Diritto Romano (2nd edn, Jovene 1933)

Behrens D, Die vis maior und das klassische Haftungssystem (DPhil thesis, Giessen 1936)

Berger A, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law (The American Philosophical Society 1980 [1953])

Betti E, '"Periculum". Problema del rischio contrattuale in diritto romano classico e giustianeo' in Studi in onore di Pietro de Francisci, vol I, (Giuffrè 1956) 131

Betti E, 'Zum Problem der Gefahrtragung bei zweiseitig verpflichtenden Verträgen' (1965) 82 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Romanistische Abteilung 1

Birks N, 'Cooking the Meat: Aquilian Liability for Hearths and Ovens' (1985) 20(2) Irish Jurist 352

Cannata CA, Sul problema della responsabilità nel diritto privato romano (Libreria Editrice Torre 1996)

Canter HV, 'Conflagrations in Ancient Rome' (1932) 27(4) The Classical Journal 270

Capogrossi Colognesi L, Remissio mercedis. Una storia tra logiche di sistema e autorità della norma (Jovene 2005)

Cardilli R, L'obbligazione di "praestare" e la responsabilità contrattuale in diritto romano (II sec. A.C. – II sec. D.C.) (Giuffrè 1995)

Cursi MF, 'The Scope and Function of Civil Wrongs in Roman Society' in PJ du Plessis, C Ando and K Tuori (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Law and Society (OUP 2016) 596

Daube D, 'Nocere and noxa' (first published in Cambridge Law Journal 1939) in David Daube, Collected studies in Roman Law, vol 1, (Vittorio Klostermann 1991)

Daube D, 'On the Third Chapter of the lex Aquilia' (first published in Law Quarterly Review 1936) in David Daube, Collected studies in Roman Law, vol 1, (Vittorio Klostermann 1991)

De Medio A, 'Caso fortuito e forza maggiore in diritto romano' (1908) 20 Bullettino dell'Istituto di diritto romano 157

de Neeve PW, 'Remissio mercedis' (1983) 100 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Romanistische Abteilung 296

Divković M, Latinsko-hrvatski rječnik (Dunja 2006[1900])

du Plessis JP, A History of remissio mercedis and related legal institutions (DPhil thesis, Rotterdam 2003)

du Plessis JP, Letting and Hiring in Roman Legal Thought: 27 BCE – 284 CE (Brill 2012)

du Plessis JP, 'The Roman Concept of lex contractus' (2006) 3 Roman Legal Tradition 79–94

du Plessis P, '"Liability", "risk" and locatio conductio' in R Fiori(ed), Modelli teorici e metodologici nella storia del diritto privato, vol 4 (Jovene 2011) 63

du Plessis P, 'Notes on a fire' in F Sturm, T Philip and O Jochen (eds), Liber Amicorum Guido Tsuno (Vico 2013) 277

Ernout A and Meillet A, Dictionnaire étymologique de la lingue latine (Klincksieck 2001)

Ernst W, 'Das Nutzungsrisiko bei der Pacht' (1988) 105 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Romanistische Abteilung 541

Ernst W, 'Wandlungen des ‘vis maior’-Begriffes in der Entwicklung der römischen Rechtswissenschaft' (1994) 22 Index. Quaderni camerti di studi romanistici 293

Fercia R, La responsabilità per fatto di ausiliari nel diritto romano (CEDAM 2008)

Fiori R, 'Bona fides' in R Fiori (ed), Modelli teorici e metodologici nella storia del diritto privato, vol 4 (Jovene 2011) 97

Fiori R, La Definizione dell ‘locatio conductio’: Giurisprudenza romana e tradizione romanistica (Jovene 1999)

Frier BW, Landlords and Tenants in Imperial Rome (Princeton University Press 1980)

Frier BW, 'Law, Economics, and Disasters Down on the Farm: ‘Remissio Mercedis’ Revisited' (1989–1990) 31–32 Bullettino dell'Istituto di diritto romano 237

Frier BW, 'Tenant’s Liability for Damage to Landlord’s Property in Classical Roman Law' (1978) 95 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Romanistische Abteilung 232

Gerkens JF, '"Vis maior" and "vis cui resisti non potest"' in R van den Bergh and G van Niekerk (ed) Ex iusta causa traditum. Essays in honour of Eric H. Pool (University of South Africa 2005) 109

Von Glück CF, Ausführliche Erläuterung der Pandecten nach Hellfeld: ein Commentar (Erlangen 1815)

Guarino A, Diritto privato romano (12th edn, Jovene 2001)

Harke JD, Locatio conductio, Kolonat, Pacht, Landpacht (Duncker & Humblot 2005)

Harries J, Cicero and the Jurists. From Citizens’ Law to the Lawful State (Duckworth 2006)

Hausmaninger H, Das Schadenersatzrecht der lex Aquilia (5 Aufl., Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung 1996)

Haymann F, 'Textkritische Studien zum römischen Obligationenrecht' (1919) 40 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Romanistische Abteilung 167

Heimbach GE i Heimbach CGE Basilicorum libri LX, vol 2, (Lipsiae 1840)

Hoffmann-Riem W, 'Die Custodia-Haftung des Sachmieters untersucht an Alf./Paul. D. 19,2,30,2' (1969) 86 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Romanistische Abteilung 394

Horvat M, Rimsko pravo (Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu 2017)

Karlović T, Liber casuum: Priručnik za vježbe iz rimskog obveznog prava (Pravni fakultet u Zagrebu 2017)

Karlović T i Balić A, 'Remissio mercedis i utjecaj promijenjenih okolnosti na obveze iz ugovora o zakupu u rimskom pravu' (2020) 57(4) Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu 957

Kaser M, Das römische Privatrecht, I, Das altrömische, das vorklassische und klassische Recht (2 Aufl, Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung 1971)

Kaser M, 'Periculum locatoris' (1957) 74 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Romanistische Abteilung 155

Katančević A, 'Vis maior i locatio conductio fundi' (2013) 61(2) Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 215

Kehoe DP, Investment, Profit, and Tenancy: The Jurists and the Roman Agrarian Economy (The University of Michigan Press 1997)

Kehoe DP, 'Tenure of Land and Agricultural Regulation' in PJ du Plessis, C Ando and K Tuori (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Roman Law and Society (Oxford University Press 2016) 646

Kehoe D, Law and Rural Economy in the Roman Empire (The University of Michigan Press 2007)

Kleinfeller G, 'Incendium' in Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, IX, 2 (Halbband 18) (Mezler 1918) 1244

Knütel R, 'Die Haftung für Hilfspersonen im römischen Recht' (1983) 100 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Romanistische Abteilung 340

Kołodko P, 'The Powers and Significance of the Prefect of the "Vigiles" ("praefectus vigilum") in Ancient Rome' (2012) 12(4) Zeszyty Prawnicze 199

Kunkel W, Herkunft und soziale Stellung der römischen Juristen (Böhlau 1952)

Lenel O, Palingenesia Iuris Civilis, vol 1 and 2, (Vico 2006 [1889])

Liebs D, Die Klagenkonkurrenz im römischen Recht (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1972)

Luzzatto GI, Caso fortuito e forza maggiore come limite alla responsabilità contrattuale, vol 1 (Giuffrè 1938)

MacCormack G, 'Aquilian Culpa' in A Watson (ed) Daube noster: Essays in Legal History for David Daube (Scottish Academic Press 1974) 201

MacCormack G, 'Criminal Liability for Fire in Early and Classical Roman Law' (1972) 3 Index. Quaderni camerti di studi romanistici 382

MacCormack G, 'Culpa in eligendo' (1971) 18 Revue internationale des droits de l'antiquité 525

MacCormack G, 'Fault and Causation in Early Roman Law: An Anthropological Perspective' (1981) 28 Revue internationale des droits de l'antiquité 97

MacCormack G, 'Periculum' (1979) 96 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Romanistische Abteilung 129

Martin S, 'The Case of the Collapsing Watercourse: Builders' Responsibility for Damage in Classical Roman Law' (1986) 4(2) Law and History Review 423

Masi A, 'Il problema della remissione della mercede nella locazione di fundi rustici all luce di una testimonianza di Columella' in Studi in memoria di Giuliana D'Amelio, vol 1, (Giuffrè 1978) 273

Mayer-Maly T, 'Höhere Gewalt: Falltypen und Begriffsbildung' u Festschrift für Arthur Steinwenter zum 70. Geburtstag (Böhlau 1958) 58

Mayer-Maly T, Locatio conductio (Verlag Herold 1956)

Miglietta M, Servius respondit (Trento 2010)

Minieri L, 'Normative Antincendio in Diritto Romano Tardo Classico e Postclassico' (2004) 1(13) IVS ANTIQVVM, Drevnee pravo, 83

Minieri L, 'Sul quasi incendiarius' (2011) 58 Revue internationale des droits de l'antiquité 250

Miquel J, 'Periculum locatoris' (1964) 81 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Romanistische Abteilung 134

Molnár I, 'Verantwortung und Gefahrtragung bei der locatio conductio zur Zeit des Prinzipats' in H Temporini H and W Haase (eds), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, vol 2, 14 (de Gruyter 1982) 583

Müller CH, Gefahrtragung bei der locatio conductio: Miete, Pacht, Dienst- und Werkvertrag im Kommentar römischer Juristen (Schöningh 2002)

Nörr D, 'Kausalitätsprobleme im klassischen römischen Recht' in O Behrends and others (eds), Festschrift für Franz Wieacker zum 70. Geburtstag (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1978) 115

Nörr D, 'rec. Festschrift für Arthur Steinwenter zum 70. Geburtstag, Böhlau, Graz, 1958.' (1959) 76 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Romanistische Abteilung 633

Palazzolo N, Saggi in materia di locazione (Libreria Editrice Torre 1995)

Pelloso C, 'Custodia, receptum e responsabilità contrattuale' (2016) 29 Seminarios Complutenses de Derecho Romano 263

Pflüger HH, 'Zur Lehre von der Haftung des Schuldners nach römischem Recht' (1947) 65 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Romanistische Abteilung 121

Pichonnaz P, 'De la "clausula rebus sic stantibus" au "hardship": Aspects d'une évolution du rôle du juge' in A Ruelle and M Berlingin (eds), Le droit romain d´hier á aujourd´hui: Collationes et oblationes: Liber amicorum en l´honneur du professeur Gilbert Hanard (Saint Louis 2009) 149

Pichonnaz P, Les fondements romains du droit privé (Schulthess 2008)

Pinna Parpaglia P, Vitia ex ipsa re: Aspetti della locazione in diritto romano (Giuffrè 1983)

Purcell N, 'The Roman villa and the landscape od production' in Tj Cornell and K Lomas (eds), Urban Society in Roman Italy (Routledge 1996) 157

Rainbird JS, 'The Vigiles of Rome' (DPhil thesis, Durham University 1976) <http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7455/> pristupljeno 25. siječnja 2021.

Robaye R, L’obligation de garde: Essai sur la responsabilité contractuelle en droit romain (Publications des Facultés Universitaires Saint-Louis 1987)

Robinson OF, Ancient Rome: City Planning and Administration (Routledge 1994)

Robinson O, 'Fire prevention at Rome' (1977) 24 Revue internationale des droits de l'antiquite 377

Romac A, Rimsko pravo (Narodne novine 1994)

Rossetti R, 'Alle origini della moderna responsabilità extracontrattuale. L’actio ex lege Aquilia tra "natura penale" e "funzione reipersecutoria"' [2020] Forum historiae iuris <https://forhistiur.net/2020-05-rossetti/> pristupljeno 26. siječnja 2021.

Sablayrolles R, Libertinus miles. Les cohortes de vigiles (École Française de Rome 1996)

Schulz F, 'Die Haftung für das Verschulden der Angestellten im klassischen römischen Recht' (1911) 38 Grünhuts Zeitschrift 9

Schulz F, History of Roman Legal Science (Clarendon Press 1953 [1946])

Sirks AJB, 'Delicts' in D Johnston (ed), The Cambridge Companion to Roman Law (Cambridge University Press 2015) 246

Sitek B, 'Criminal Liability of ‘incendiarii’ in Ancient Rome' (2007) 6 Diritto e Storia <http://www.dirittoestoria.it/6/Rassegne/Sitek-Incendiarii-ancient-Roman-Law.htm> pristupljeno 25. siječnja 2021.

Sitzia F, 'Considerazioni in tema di periculum locatoris e di remissio mercedis' in Studi in memoria di Giuliana D'Amelio, vol 1 (Giuffrè 1978) 331

Sturm F, 'Il pactum e le sue molteplici applicazioni' in F Milazzo (ed), Contractus e Pactum. Tipicità e libertà negoziale nell’esperienza tardo-repubblicana (Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane 1990) 149

Talamanca M, Istituzioni di diritto romano (14th edn, Giuffrè 1990)

Thomas JAC, 'Actiones ex locato/conducto and Aquilian Liability' (1978) 20 Acta Juridica 127

Thomas JAC, 'Digest 19.2.9.3' (1962) 79 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung 334

von Lübtow U, 'Die Haftung des Pächters nach D. 19, 2, 30, 4' u Studi in onore di Emilio Betti, vol. III (Giuffrè 1962) 367

Wacke A, 'Dig. 19, 2, 33: Afrikans Verhältnis zu Julian und die Haftung für höhere Gewalt' in H Temporini (ed), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, vol 2 (de Gruyter 1976) 455

Watson A, The Law of Obligations in the Later Roman Republic (Clarendon Press 1984)

Wieacker F, Textstufen klassischer Juristen (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1960)

Zimmermann R, The Law of Obligations: Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition (OUP 1992)

Downloads

Published

2021-12-22

Issue

Vol. 37 No. 3-4 (2021)

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2021 Tomislav Karlović

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Authors retain the copyright on the papers published in the Journal, but grant the right of first publication to the Journal. Papers accepted for publication or already published in Pravni vjesnik of the Faculty of Law in Osijek may be published by the author(s) in other publications only with proper notice of its previous publication in Pravni vjesnik.