POGREŠNA KVALIFIKACIJA UGOVORNOG ODNOSA
JEDAN OD BROJNIH IZVORA NESIGURNOSTI RADA U INDUSTRIJI VIDEOIGARA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25234/pv/24450Ključne riječi:
ugovor o radu, pojam radnoga odnosa, neovisni ugovaratelj, industrija videoigara, prekarnostSažetak
Rad u industriji videoigra povezan je s brojnim nesigurnostima s obzirom na to da pravni položaj radnika ovisi o tome obavlja li posao na temelju nekog ugovora građanskog prava (samozapošljavanje) ili ugovora o radu (kad je osoba u radnom odnosu). Imajući na umu činjenicu da radno pravo nameće poslodavcu brojne zakonske obveze kojim štiti radnika kao slabiju stranu ugovorog odnosa (jer se nalazi u podređenom položaju i ekonomski ovisi o poslodavcu), u praksi nerijetko dolazi do svjesno pogrešne (nezakonite) kvalifikacije oblika zaposlenja. U radu je analiziran način funkcioniranja ovog sektora kreativne ekonomije s naglaskom na rizicima prekarnosti kojima su radnici izloženi: pri tome autorica ne ispituje učinkovitost pravnih rješenja izdvojinih država članica EU-a, već se priklanja primjeru dobre prakse na hrvatskom tržištu videoigara.
Reference
Blanpain R (ed.), Non-standard Work and Industrial Relations, Kluwer Law International, Kluwer, 1999.
Boes A, Baukrowitz A, Arbeitsbeziehungen in der IT-Industrie. Erosion oder Innovation der Mitbestimmung? (Berlin Edition Sigma, 2002) 114.
Burger A, Extreme working hours in Western Europe and North America: A new aspect of polarization, (2015) 92, London School of Economics, ‘Europe in Question’ Discussion Paper Series, 12.
Bulut E, Playboring in the tester pit: the convergence of precarity and the degradation of fun in video game testing (2015)16 (3), Television and New Media, 240.–258.
Butković H, Samardžija V, Skazlić I, Čavar I, Nestandardni rad u Hrvatskoj: izazovi i perspektive u odabranim sektorima (Institut za razvoj i međunarodne odnose, 2018) 42.
Butković H, Vodič za radnike u digitalnoj ekonomiji hrvatske (Institut za razvoj i međunarodne odnose, 2019) 13.–15.
Bilić A, Fleksibilnost i deregulacija u radnim odnosima (doktorska disertacija, Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Splitu, 2011) 263.
Bjelinski Radić I, „Novi oblici rada kao suvremeni izazov za radno pravo – slučaj Uber“ (2017) 38(2) Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci, 883.
Bjelinski Radić I, Radnopravni aspekti rada preko digitalnih platformi (doktorski rad, Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 2022) 115.
Campbell I, Robin A. Price, Precarious work and precarious workers: Towards an improved conceptualisation, (2016) 27(3), The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 315.
Casper S, Soskice D, Sectoral Systems of Innovation and Varieties of Capitalism: Explaining the Development of High-Technology Entrepreneurship in Europe’ u Franco Malerba (ed.), Sectoral Systems of Innovation Concepts, Issues and Analyses of Six Major Sectors in Europe (Cambridge University Press, 2009) 348.–387.
Casper S, Whitley R, Managing Competences in Entrepreneurial Technology Firms: A Comparative Institutional Analysis of Germany, Sweden and the UK (2002) 33(1), Research Policy.
Countouris N, The changing law of the employment relationship: Comparative analysis in the European context (Studies in modern law and policy, Routledge, 2007) 5.
Crosby O, Working so others can play: Jobs in video game development (2002) Occupational Outlook Quarterly, 2.–13.
Europska komisija, Zelena knjiga – Modernizacija zakona o radu kako bi se odgovorilo na izazove 21. stoljeća, COM (2006) 708 final, 2006.
Eurofound (2015), New forms of employment Publications Office of the European Union, 107.
Eurofound (2016), Exploring the Fraudulent Contracting of Work in the European Union Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 19.–20.
Eurofound (2017) Exploring Self-Employment u European Union, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
Eurofound (2013) Self-employed or not self-employed? Working conditions of economically dependent workers.
Eurofound (2017) Atypical work, Eurofound, Aspects of Non-standard employment in Europe, Publications Office of the European Union, Dublin 22.
Eurofound, Exploring the Fraudulent Contracting of Work in the European Union (Report 2016) Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
Euroepan Commission, Transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/1152 on transparent and predictable working conditions (Report of Expert Group 2021) 57 (EU).
Freedland M, Kountouris N, “The subjects of labor law: ‘Employees’ and other workers”, in M. Finkin and G. Mundalak (eds.), Research handbook in comparative labor law, (Edward Elgar 2015) 14.
Felstiner A, Working the crowd: Employment and labor law in the crowdsourcing industry, (2011) 32, (1) Berkeley Journal of Employment & Labor Law, 143.–204.
Gill R, Pratt A, In the Social Factory? Immaterial Labour, Precariousness and Cultural Work, (2008) 25(7) Theory, Culture & Society, 2.
Gill R, Rossiter N, Techno bohemians Or the New Cybertariat?: New Media Work on Amsterdam a Decade After the Web (Report Institute of Network Cultures, 2007).
Franco B, The soul at work: From alienation to autonomy, (2009) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Grgurev I, The Concept of ‘Employee’: The Position in Croatia in B. Waas, G. H. van Voss (eds.), Restatement of Labour Law in Europe, The Concept of Employee Vol I (Hart Publishing, Oxford Oregon, 2017) 59.–83.
González-Piñero, Redefining the Value Chain Of The Video Games Industry (2017), Knowledge work national center for creative industry, 21.–23.
Gotovac V, Razlikovanje ugovora o radu i ugovora o djelu te autonomija ugovornih strana pravnog odnosa u izboru između njih (2011) 11, Radno pravo.
Haramija P, Njavro Đ, Vranešić P, Videoigre i njihov utjecaj na uspjeh, sposobnosti i svjetonazor studenata, Obnovljeni život, (2020) 75(1), 93.
Heikki T, Double duty: Crowdfunding and the evolving game production network (2017) 15 (2) Games and Culture, 114.–137.
Hesmondhalgh D, Creative Labour as a Basis for a Critique of Creative Industries Policy u Geert Lovink i Ned Rossiter (eds.), My Creativity Reader: A Critique of Creative Industries (Institute of Network Cultures, 2007) 58.
Hesmondhalgh D, Baker S, Sarah Baker, Creative Labour: Media Work in Three Cultural Industries (Routledge, 2011) 75.
Hendrickx F, De Stefano V (eds.), Game Changers in Labor Law: Shaping the Future of Work, (Kluwer, 2018).
ILO (2016) Non-standard employment around the world: Understanding challanges, shaping prospects.
Lakhani S, Video gaming and (violent) extremism: An exploration of the current landscape, trends, and threats (Commission, 2021) (EU).
ILO The Scope o the Employment Relationship, 91st Session, 6 (Report V, 2003).
ILO, “Policies and Regulation to Combat Precarious Employment”, Background Paper, International Workers’ Symposium on Policies and Regulations to Combat Precarious Employment, Geneva, 4–7, October 2011.
ILO, Giving globalization a human face. General survey on the fundamental Conventions concerning rights at work in light of the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization, 2008. Report III (Part 1B), International Labour Conference, 101st Session, 2012.
ILO, Non-standard employment around the world: Understanding challenges, shaping prospects. 2016.
Iljazović B, Novine u reguliranju studentskih poslova (2018) 11 Radno pravo, 3.–5.
Jakopović T, Utjecaj vizualnih medija na djecu (završni rad, Sveučilište Sjever, 2017) 22.
Kalleberg A, Flexible firms and labor market segmentation: Effects of workplace restructuring on jobs and workers (2003) 30 (2), Work and Occupations, 154.–175.
Kevin H Stone, Rethinking Labour Law: Employment Protection for Boundaryless Workers u Boundaries and Frontiers of Labour Law (Blair Publishing Portland, 2006).
Keune M, Pedac M, Trade union strategies against precarious work: Common trends and sectoral divergence in the EU 2020 26 (2) European Journal of Industrial Relations, 139–155
Kuzelj V, Petrović T, Erent-Sunko Z, Prikrivanje radnoga odnosa (nesamostalnog rada) institutom paušalnoga obrta: financijskopravne i radnopravne implikacije (2022) 38 (2), Pravni vjesnik.
Legault M, Ouellet K, Marie-Josée Legault, Kathleen Ouellet, So into it they forget what time it is? Video game designers and unpaid overtime, in Dariusz Jemielniak, Abigail Marks (eds.), Managing Dynamic Technology-Oriented Business: High-Tech Organizations and Workplaces (Hershey (US): IGI Global, coll. Information Science Reference 2013) 82.–102.
Matković T, Raditi na određeno. Raširenost, regulacija i iskustva rada putem ugovora na određeno vrijeme u Hrvatskoj, Savez samostalnih sindikata Hrvatske (Institut za društvena istraživanja u Zagrebu, 2022).
Menegatti E, 'Mending the Fissured Workplace: The Solutions Provided by Italian law' (2015) 37 (1) Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 112.–116.
McRobbie A, Be Creative, Making a Living in the New Culture Industries (Cambridge Polity Press, 2016) 23.–24.
Mlakar Sukič N, Franca V,Sodna praksa na področju prikritih delovnih razmjeri (2017) 15, Pravna praksa, II.–VIII.
OECD (2019) Policy responses to new forms of work, 71.–77.
Ozimek A, The ‘grey area’ of employment relations in the Polish videogame industry (2019) 22(2), International Journal of Cultural Studies.
Pavelić I, Analiza industrije videoigara, diplomski rad (Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli, 2018) 41.
Perulli A, “Subordinate, Autonomous and Economically Dependent Work: A Comparative Analysis of Selected European Countries” in Giuliano Casale (ed.), The Employment Relationship: A Comparative Overview (Hart Publishing, 2011) 137.–187.
Perulli A, Jurisprudential Evolution of the Notion of Employee’ (2020) 11(2) European Labour Law Journal.
Primorac J, Od nesigurnosti do nesigurnosti: rad i zaposlenost u kulturnim i kreativnim industrijama (Institut za međunarodne odnose, Zagreb, 2012) 6.
Peročević, K, Pojam ‘radnika’ u pravu Europske unije (2017) 67(2) Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu, 319.–343.
Potočnjak Ž, Nova Direktiva o transparentnim i predvidivim radnim uvjetima u EU, (2022) 3, Radno pravo, 33.
Potočnjak Ž, Gotovac V, Rad i pravni oblici rada u Republici Hrvatskoj u: Vojmir Franičević i Vlado Puljiz, (ur.), Rad u Hrvatskoj: Pred izazovima budućnosti (Centar za demokraciju i pravo Miko Tripalo, Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 2009) 281.–283.
Ruffino P, Woodcock J, Game Workers and the Empire: Unionisation in the UK Video Game Industry, Games and Empire – Special Edition (2021) 16 (3) Games and Culture, 324.
Supiot A, Beyond Employment: Changes in Work and the Future of Labor Law in Europe, (2001) Oxford: OUP.
Schreier J, Jason Schreier, Press Reset: Ruin and Recovery in the Video Game Industry (2021), Kindle Edition Kindle Edition, 26.
Schömann I, Clauwaert S, Atypical Forms of Employment Contracts in Times of Crisis (ETUI Working Paper, 2013).
Senčur Peček D, Franca V, Precarious Work, From Student work to false-self-employment in Jeff Kenner, Izabela Florczak, Marta Otto (eds.), Challenge for Labour Law in Europe (Edward Elgar, 2019) 128.
Senčur Peček D, Samozaposleni, ekonomski odvisne osobe in obstoj delovnega razmerja (2014) 2, Delovci im delodajci, 215.–-216.
Štenta L, Gaming poduzetništvo u vrijeme Covid pandemije s osvrtom na Republiku Hrvatsku (2021), specijalistički diplomski stručni rad, Ekonomski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 13.
Teipen C, Work and Employment in Creative Industries: The Video Games Industry in Germany (2008) Sweden and Poland Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB), 317.
Tičar L, The ILO Concept of Economic Dependence in Slovenian Labour Law (2020) 70(4), Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu, 537.
Tomić I, Stubbs P, Nestić D, The employment and social situation in Croatia (European Parliament, 2019) 11.
Vukorepa I, Tomić I, Stubbs P, Access to social protection of people working as self-employed or on non-standard contracts Croatia (Thematic Report, European Social Policy Network, European Commission, 2017) 5.
Vanderhoef, J R, Curtin M, “The Crunch Heard Round the World:The global era of digital game labor“ in M. Conor B, Mayer V (eds.), Production studies, the sequel! (Academia, 2015) 196.–210.
Vigato M, Videoigre i filozofija igre, diplomski rad (Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 2019) 17.
Zackariasson P, Wilson, T, Peter Zackariasson, Wilson Timothy, The Video Game Industry: Formation, present State and Future (New York, Routledge, 2012) 5.
Waas B, Voss G. H (eds.), Restatement of Labour Law in Europe, The Concept of Employee Vol I (Hart Publishing, Oxford Oregon, 2017) 59.–83.
Weststar J, Understanding video game developers as an occupational community (2015) 8 (10) Information, Communication & Society, 1238.–1252.
Williams CC, Lapeyre F, Dependent Self-employment: Trends, Challenges and Policy Responses in the EU. ILO 2017.
Weststar J, Legault M, Facts and discussion about hours of work in the video game industry. u A. Bracken & N. Guyot, (eds.), Cultural perspectives of video games: From designer to player (Oxford Interdisciplinary Press, 2017) 187.–197.
Weststar J, i Legault M, Building Momentum for Collectivity in the Digital Game Community (2019) 20, 8.
Woodcock J, Organizing in the Game Industry: The Story of Game Workers Unite U.K., K (2020) 29 (1) The Murphy Institute, School of Labor and Urban Studies, Article Reuse Guidelines, 1.
PROPISI
Uredba (EU) 2021/818 Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća od 20. svibnja 2021. o uspostavi programa Kreativna Europa (2021.–2027.) i stavljanju izvan snage Uredbe (EU) br. 1295/2013 L 189/3
Zakon o audiovizualnim djelatnostima (Narodne novine, broj 61/2018) (HR)
Zakon o radu (Narodne novine, broj 93/2014, 127/2017, 98/2019) (HR)
Zakon o obrtu (Narodne novine, broj 143/2013, 127/2019, 41/2020) (HR)
Zakon o parničnom postupku (Narodne novine, broj 53/1991, 91/1992, 58/1993, 112/1999, 88/2001) 117/2003, 88/05, 2/2007, 84/2008, 96/2008, 123/2008, 57/2011, 148/2011, 25/2013, 89/2014, 70/2019, 80/2022) (HR)
Opći porezni zakon (Narodne novine, broj 115/2016, 106/2018, 121/2019, 32/2020, 42/2020) (HR)
Zakon o porezu na dohodak (Narodne novine, broj 115/2016, 106/2018, 121/2019, 32/2020, 138/2020)
Zakon o delovnih razmerjih, Uradni list RS, br. 21/2013, 78/2013 – ispr., 47/2015 – ZZSDT
Međunarodni pakt o ekonomskim, socijalnim i kulturnim pravima (1966.)
Europska socijalna povelja (1966.)
Odluka o objavi Opće deklaracije o ljudskim pravima (Narodne novine – Međunarodni ugovori, broj 12/2009) (HR)
ILO Recommendation 198, the Employment Relationship Recommendation, u: The Protection of Working Relationships
SUDSKA PRAKSA
Presuda VSRH, Revr-314/13 (od 19. lipnja 2013.) (HR)
Odluka USRH, U-III-8088/2014 (od 28. studenog 2017.) (HR)
Presuda Jean Claude Becu, Annie Verweire, Smeg NV and Adia Interim NV [1999] (Case C-22/98) ECJ (od 16. rujna 1999.) para 26 (EU)
Presuda FNV Kunsten Informatie en Media v Staat der Nederlanden (Case C-413/13) ECJ (od 4. prosinca 2014.) (EU) paras. 33–34 (EU)
Visoki upravni sud RH, posl.br, Us-12719/11 (od 8. svibnja 2014.) (RH)
Visoki upravni sud RH, posl.br. Us-7099/11 (od 13. veljače 2014.) (HR)
MREŽNI IZVORI
America's most hated companies, CBS News, 2018, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/americas-most-hated-companies/> pristupljeno 25. svibnja 2022.
Edita Vlahović Žuvela, Marić najavio promjene u poreznom tretmanu paušalista i „slobodnjaka“, https://prviplan.hr/financije/maric-najavio-promjene-u-poreznomtretmanu-pausalista-i-slobodnjaka/> pristupljeno 18. svibnja 2022.
Eurostat, Culture statistics cultural employment https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsex plained/index.php?title=Culture_statistics__cultural_employment#Characteristics_of_cultural_employment_in_2021> pristupljeno 20. rujna 2022.
Eurostat, Temporary employees by sex, age and main reason.. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-datasets/-/LFSA_ETGAR> pristupljeno 25. kolovoza 2022.
European Games Developer Federation, https://www.egdf.eu/eu-funding-for-european-games-industry-in-2022> pristupljeno 21. srpnja 2022.
Gamasutra salary survey 2014, http://www.gamasutra.com/salarysurvey2014.pdf> pristupljeno 22. svibnja 2022.
Game Developer, Game Developer Salary Survey 2014: The results are in!, https://www.gamedeveloper.com/audio/game-developer-salary-survey-2014-the-results-are-in-> pristupljeno 1. svibnja 2021.
Goran Mihelčić, Računalne igre. Najunosnija zabavna industrija istodobno i najsurovija. Čak i priznate kreativce tretira kao roblje, https://ideje.hr/racunalne-igre-najunosnija-zabavna-industrija-istodobno-i-najsurovija-cak-i-priznate-kreativce-tretira-kao-roblje/> pristupljeno 9. kolovoza 2022.
Global Union, The videogame industry, A resource for organizers, https://uniglobalunion.org/report/the-video-game-industry/> pristupljeno 17. rujna 2022.
Igraća industrija: struktura i perspektive razvoja. Tržište industrije igara. https://hrv.kagutech.com/4222674-game-industry-structure-and-development-prospects-gaming-industry-market> pristupljeno 12. rujna 2022.
Infografika: 50 najvećih gaming franšiza po ukupnom prihodu, https://lidermedia.hr/tehno/50-najvecih-gaming-fransiza-po-ukupnom-prihodu-130605> pristupljeno 25. svibnja 2022.
Iris Deng, “Tencent vows to improve work-life balance after fresh 996 criticism over a worker’s 20-hour shift“, https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3164929/tencent-vows-improve-work-life-balance-after-fresh-996-criticism-over> pristupljeno 25. kolovoza 2022.
Nathan Grayson and Cecilia D'Anastasio, “Over 150 Riot Employees Walk Out to Protest Forced Arbitration And Sexist Culture”, https://kotaku.com/over-150-riot-employees-walk-out-to-protest-forced-arbi-1834566198> pristupljeno 25. kolovoza 2022.
Novska dobiva gaming kampus, ICT Business, https://www.ictbusiness.info/vijesti/industrija-videoigara-u-2021-narasla-za-vise-od-14-posto-a-novska-dobiva-gaming-kampus> pristupljeno 11. rujna 2022.
Rad po mjeri platforme, Savez samostalnih sindikata Hrvatske, http://www.sssh.hr/hr/vise/projekti/covjek-po-mjeri-platforme-4736> pristupljeno 12. kolovoza 2021.
Reuters.Factbox: Pogled na industriju videoigara vrijednu 65 milijardi dolara. Reuters, 2011, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/06/06/us-videogames-factbox-idUKTRE75552I20110606> pristupljeno 11. rujna 2022.
Shannon Liao, “Riot Games agrees to pay $100 million in settlement of class-action gender discrimination lawsuit”, Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/video-games/2021/12/27/riot-discrimination-100-million-settlement/> pristupljeno 25. kolovoza 2022.
The New Republic, Video Games Are a Labor Disaster, Why do game studios keep imploding? 2021, https://newrepublic.com/article/162606/video-games-curt-schilling-jason-schreier> pristupljeno 8. lipnja 2022.
The Euroculturer, European Politics, Culture and Society in Focus, Why the EU should pay more attention to video games, https://euroculturer.eu/2021/10/12/why-the-eu-should-pay-more-attention-to-video-games/> pristupljeno 5. kolovoza 2022.
##submission.downloads##
Objavljeno
Broj časopisa
Rubrika
Autorska prava
Copyright (c) 2023 Karla Kotulovski
Ovaj rad licenciran je pod Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Autori zadržavaju autorska prava za članke objavljene u časopisu, no daju časopisu pravo prvog objavljivanja. Radove prihvaćene za objavljivanje ili već objavljene u Pravnom vjesniku Pravnog fakulteta u Osijeku autor smije objaviti u drugim publikacijama, uz napomenu da je rad već objavljen u Pravnom vjesniku.
