USTANICI PRIZNATI KAO ZARAĆENA STRANKA NEMEĐUNARODNIH ORUŽANIH SUKOBA U TRADICIONALNOM I SUVREMENOM MEĐUNARODNOM PRAVU
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25234/pv/31476Ključne riječi:
međunarodno humanitarno pravo, Ženevske konvencije za zaštitu žrtava rata, nemeđunarodni oružani sukobi, ustanici, priznanje ustanika kao zaraćene strankeSažetak
U fokusu tradicionalne međunarodnopravne regulacije oružanih sukoba prvenstveno su međunarodni oružani sukobi, što je prije usvajanja Ženevskih konvencija za zaštitu žrtava rata iz 1949. i Dopunskih protokola uz te Konvencije rezultiralo pojavom pravnih praznina kad je riječ o ograničenjima u vezi s postupanjima stranaka unutarnjih oružanih sukoba. Predmet ovog rada je analiza važnih promjena koje je suvremeni međunarodnopravni okvir postavio glede detaljnije regulacije nemeđunarodnih oružanih sukoba te je konkretnijim ograničenjima postupanja u nemeđunarodnim oružanim sukobima usmjerio primjenu pravila međunarodnog humanitarnog prava prema učinkovitijoj zaštiti žrtava rata. U tom se kontekstu, nakon prikaza relevantnog međunarodnopravnog okvira primjenjivog na nemeđunarodne oružane sukobe, razmatraju različite definicije pojmova nemeđunarodnih oružanih sukoba i njihovih stranaka sadržane u Ženevskim konvencijama i Dopunskom protokolu II., uz analizu najrecentnijih odluka međunarodnih stalnih i ad hoc sudova koji su značajno doprinijeli interpretaciji i razvoju međunarodnog prava primjenjivog na tu vrstu oružanih sukoba. Posebno se analizira institut priznanja ustanika kao zaraćene stranke koji je u usporedbi s tradicionalnim međunarodnim pravom doživio značajne promjene u kontekstu obvezatnosti primjene međunarodnog humanitarnog prava. Zaključuje se da je postupni prestanak primjene instituta priznanja ustanika, uz smanjivanje razlika međunarodnih i nemeđunarodnih oružanih sukoba, doprinio osvještavanju svih stranaka oružanih sukoba o obvezatnosti primjene međunarodnog humanitarnog prava, odnosno o njihovoj odgovornosti za zaštitu žrtava rata, poštovanje načela čovječnosti i zahtjeva javne savjesti, od trenutka kad započne oružani sukob pa do njegova prestanka.
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