Prethodno priopćenje
Emergence and Development of Observant Branch Withinfranciscan Order Until The Ecumenical Council of Constance
Željko Tolić
; Katolički bogoslovni fakultet Sveučilišta u Splitu, Split, Hrvatska
Sažetak
Due to the various circumstances, the Franciscan order developed vigorously, and at the beginning of the fourteenth century, it was the most numerous ecclesiastical order with about 40 000 members. However, this quantity was not followed by the quality. The order was decaying and soon many deviations came to the surface. This decadency within the Franciscan order – also present within other contemporary ecclesiastical orders – had its inner and outer causes: plague and the Western schism, together with the diminishing of modesty and deviation of the Rules were just some of many. Since the Order could not change the Rules (regular observation). In this way, they wanted to promote reform within the Franciscan community. In the first chapter of this study author discusses occurrence of the Observant branch in Italy, where – after the first attempts of fra John Della Valla and fra Gentile of Spoleto – fra Paoluccio Trinci started a true observance within the Franciscan community. Namely, this brother layman, inspired by the dramatical conflict between Fratres de Familia (the Conventuals) and Fraticelli (the Spirituals), was wise enough, in his attempt of returning to the original Rules, to avoid all the possible complications that might occur and provoke any potential discontent and further divisions within the Order. Like many others, he also requested papal privileges (bula “Provenit ex devotione effect” of Gregory XI in 1373), he wore the same habit as other Fratres de Familia, fought against Fraticelli, and supported the idea of union within the Order. He has inspired many, and soon after a multitude of friars accepted his way of life. Thus, by 1380 in Umbria existed more than 20 reformed monastic homes. The followers of fra Paoluccio, mostly laic brothers, predominantly developed apostleship of prayer and contemplation together with the testimony of life. Acting in this manner they did not provoke any suspicions, and they did not disturb anyone. Therefore, because of such humbleness and modesty, and their determination to keep the Order together, fra Paoluccio managed to ensure the right of the priors of the reformed monasteries to accept novices, and frates de familia generously allowed them to inhabit their monasteries. The second chapter, entitled “French observation and its development up to the Council of Constance (1415)” deals with the issues of the French observation that followed the Italian one, but was not directly influenced by the Italian development. Namely, French observation began around the year 1390 in the monastery Mirebeau in the Province Tours, soon after by the year 1400 it spread to the French province, and in 1402 it embraced the Province Borgogna (Aquitania). Fifteen years later, at the Council of Constance (1415), French observation was so present and strong that it had its own vicars (provincial and general vicars), and in 1416 members constituted their own statues.
Ključne riječi
Observances; Community; Observants; fratres de familia; Pope; bulla; Council of Constance.
Hrčak ID:
225260
URI
Datum izdavanja:
27.6.2019.
Posjeta: 965 *