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Croatica Chemica Acta, Vol. 98 No. 2, 2025.

Original scientific paper

https://doi.org/10.5562/cca4169

A Short Review on Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs): From Antibacterial Action to Next-Generation Design

Doris Crnčević orcid id orcid.org/0000-0003-4279-0541 ; University of Split, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, R. Bošković 33, Split, Croatia
Renata Odžak orcid id orcid.org/0000-0002-2325-464X ; University of Split, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, R. Bošković 33, Split, Croatia
Matilda Šprung orcid id orcid.org/0000-0001-5008-2700 ; University of Split, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, R. Bošković 33, Split, Croatia *

* Corresponding author.

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Abstract

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are cationic surfactants used across various industries due to their physicochemical properties and biological activity. The most prominent characteristic of QACs is their profound antibacterial potential attributed to amphiphilic positively charged backbone which facilitates a strong membranolytic mode of action. However, concerns regarding bacterial resistance and environmental persistence have emerged due to their extensive use. Resistance mechanisms, including efflux pump activation and membrane modifications, threaten their long-term efficacy, while limited biodegradability leads to their accumulation in environmental settings. To mitigate these challenges, research is increasingly focused on developing next-generation QACs with enhanced biodegradability and lower toxicity. Structural modifications, such as the addition of the hydrolyzable functional groups and natural product-inspired derivatives, aim to balance antimicrobial efficacy with environmental sustainability. This review examines the structural diversity, mechanisms of action, and bacterial resistance development to QACs, alongside their ecological impact. Additionally, it highlights advances in sustainable QACs design, providing insight into future strategies for safer and more effective antimicrobial agents.

Keywords

quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs); antibacterial activity; mode of action; environmental concerns; bacterial resistance; next-generation QACs

Hrčak ID:

332815

URI

https://hrcak.srce.hr/332815

Publication date:

3.2.2025.

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