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Glasnik Zaštite Bilja, Vol. 49. No. 5., 2026.

Review article

Autonomous systems in aquaponic systems

Mateja Grubor ; Sveučilište u Zagrebu Agronomski fakultet, Zagreb, Hrvatska *
David Milković ; Sveučilište u Zagrebu Agronomski fakultet, Zagreb, Hrvatska
Nikola Bilandžija ; Sveučilište u Zagrebu Agronomski fakultet, Zagreb, Hrvatska
Krešimir Čopec ; Sveučilište u Zagrebu Agronomski fakultet, Zagreb, Hrvatska
Goran Fabijanić ; Sveučilište u Zagrebu Agronomski fakultet, Zagreb, Hrvatska
Igor Kovačev ; Sveučilište u Zagrebu Agronomski fakultet, Zagreb, Hrvatska

* Corresponding author.

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Abstract

The paper reviews the role of autonomous systems in aquaponics, with emphasis on Agriculture 4.0, Internet of Things, sensor networks, artificial intelligence, digital twins and cyber-physical systems. The review shows that autonomy in aquaponics is not limited to robotics, but includes the integration of sensors, actuators, control algorithms, knowledge models and decision support systems. The most mature applications are related to monitoring water quality, environmental conditions, fish feeding and basic actuator control. Recent studies increasingly apply computer vision and machine learning for disease detection, biomass estimation, fish welfare assessment and predictive monitoring. Digital twins and ontology-based systems provide an additional layer for simulation, semantic integration and transparent decision-making. However, most existing systems still perform local control of subsystems rather than global optimization of the aquaponic ecosystem. The main limitations include sensor reliability, calibration, interoperability, cost, energy demand and the complexity of biological interactions. Future development should focus on scalable, explainable and energy-efficient autonomous architectures that integrate sensor data, digital twins and artificial intelligence into practical decision support for commercial aquaponics.

Keywords

aquaponic systems; autonomous systems; IoT; Agriculture 4.0; digital twin

Hrčak ID:

353301

URI

https://hrcak.srce.hr/353301

Publication date:

26.10.2026.

Article data in other languages: croatian

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