1 Uvod
U Bosni i Hercegovini lingvistikom se počelo ozbiljnije baviti tek nakon osnivanja bitnih institucija, kao što su Univerzitet u Sarajevu i Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, kasnije i Institut za jezik. Iako tek osnovane, s obzirom na postojanje već afirmiranih lingvista, ove su institucije već od samog starta počele davati značajne rezultate u oblasti lingvistike.
U ovom se radu propituje uloga ANUBiH u razvoju lingvistike u Bosni i Hercegovini. Izvori za pregled bili su Ljetopisi prvo Naučnog društva Bosne i Hercegovine, kasnije i Akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, u kojima su, manje ili više detaljno, organizacione jedinice donosile izvještaje o radu u prethodnim godinama, kao i planove za budući rad. Komparativnom i hronološkom metodom praćen je rad na pojedinim projektima te izdvojene bitne reorganizacije sastavnih jedinica Akademije koje su u opisu svoga rada imale i jezička proučavanja.
Pored toga, sačinjena je i bibliografija radova o jeziku, ekscerpirana iz publikacije Pregled izdanja ANUBiH 1952–2011. te samih Ljetopisa, koja je onda poređena s izvještajima kako bi se u pojedinim slučajevima mogli donijeti zaključci o radu na projektu. Bibliografija je priložena na kraju rada, nakon zaključka u kojem se ANUBiH pokušava objektivno ocijeniti u smislu doprinosa lingvističkoj nauci u Bosni i Hercegovini.
2 Organizacija rada na lingvističkim istraživanjima i lingvistički projekti u ANUBiH
Lingvistika je bila u fokusu Akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine od samog njenog osnivanja kao Naučnog društva, 1951. godine. Jedno od prva tri odjeljenja Akademije bilo je Odjeljenje istorijsko-filoloških nauka, u kojem je od lingvista djelovao Jovan Vuković. Na čelu Balkanološkog instituta, od 1962. Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja pri Odjeljenju društvenih nauka, inače najstarijeg centra Akademije, osnovanog već 1954. godine, stajao je lingvista Henrik Barić, a predviđeno je da se institut bavi i “ispitivanjem starobalkanskih etničkih i jezičkih grupa, njihovih međusobnih odnosa i uzajamnih uticaja” (Ljetopis I, 1970: 67).
Odjeljenje istorijsko-filoloških nauka odmah je započelo s dijalektološkim istraživanjima te se njima uključilo i u prvi veliki projekt cijele akademije: Lepenica, koji je u skladu s ciljem koji je postavljen NDBiH, da proučava prirodne i društvene mogućnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, zasnovan vrlo brzo po osnivanju, te je Vuković dao prilog o kreševsko-lepeničkom govoru (ustanovljeno je da je to ijekavski govor s primjesama ikavštine, a karakteristika mu je nepreneseni dugi silazni akcenat, Ljetopis I 1970: 106).
Još za vrijeme Naučnog društva, 1957. godine Odjeljenje se uključilo u projekat Općeslavenski lingvistički atlas – OLA, trajni slavistički projekat, koji proučava dijalekte slavenskih jezika i ucrtava ih na karte u pojedinačnim tomovima specijaliziranim za određene oblasti. Bosna i Hercegovina u ovom je atlasu zastupljena s 13 punktova. Prikupljanje materijala s punktova teklo je postepeno – do 1967. godine bilo je popunjeno 7 punktova, a ostali su završeni do 1975. Na upitnicima su radili Slavko Vukomanović, Mate Šimundić, Smail Karačević, Dragomir Vujičić, Slobodan Remetić, Dalibor Brozović i drugi. Rad na OLA krunisan je prvim tomom atlasa o refleksima jata, izašlim 1988. godine u suizdavaštvu jugoslavenskih akademija, te knjigom Fonološki opisi iz 1981. Nakon rata, 2004. godine počelo se s pripremama za ponovno uključivanje, ovaj put Bosne i Hercegovine u rad OLA, što je i ostvareno 2005. godine, zalaganjem Senahida Halilovića. Nakon vraćanja u rad OLA, zahvaljujući primanju saradnice na ovom projektu u ANUBiH, upitnici i materijal su digitalizirani, što je znatno olakšalo učešće u OLA, a počelo se i s proučavanjem bosanskih govora u Turskoj – popunjeni su upitnici na tri punkta. U 2010. godini objavljena je građa za OLA u pet tomova.
Kad je 1966. godine Naučno društvo preraslo u Akademiju, Odjeljenje istorijsko-filoloških nauka podijeljeno je na Odjeljenje društvenih nauka i Odjeljenje za književnost i umjetnost. Jezik je ostao u okviru Odjeljenja društvenih nauka, u kojem su osnovane tri lingvističke komisije: Komisija za onomastiku, Komisija za opšta dijalektološka ispitivanja i Komisija za savremeni književni jezik, a one su 1967. godine pretvorene u Komisiju za lingvistička ispitivanja s potkomisijama za dijalektološka ispitivanja i savremeni književni jezik. Komisiju su 1967. godine činili članovi: Milan Vasić, Miloš Bjelovitić, Herta Kuna, Nedžad Hadžidedić, Svetozar Marković, Milivoje Minović, Ksenija Milošević i Nadžija Taso, na čelu s Jovanom Vukovićem, kojeg je nakon smrti 1979. naslijedio Asim Peco. Članstvo Komisije mijenjalo se kroz vrijeme, ali je značajno da su svi bosanskohercegovački lingvisti na ovaj ili onaj način učestvovali u radu Komisije do rata. Nakon smrti Jovana Vukovića razmišljalo se o pripajanju Komisije Institutu za jezik, s kojim je Komisija tijesno sarađivala, ali se to nije desilo.
Pored rada na OLA, komisija se dijalektologijom bavila i kroz druge dijalektološke projekte – 1960. godine Odjeljenje se uključuje i u rad na Jugoslovenskom lingvističkom atlasu, kasnije Srpskohrvatskom dijalektološkom atlasu, koji nikad nije završen, jer su mu se punktovi uglavnom podudarali s atlasima pojedinačnih republika, na kojima se radilo intenzivnije. U Bosni i Hercegovini bio je to projekat Bosanskohercegovački dijalekatski kompleks – sinhronijska deskripcija i odnos prema savremenom standardnom jeziku (BHDK) s 226 punktova, zasnovan 1974. u novoosnovanom Institutu za jezik, s partnerom Komisijom za lingvistiku ANUBiH, čiji su članovi dosta radili na ovom projektu (Jovan Vuković, Nevenka Gošić, Snježana Ćerić, Ksenija Milošević, Josip Baotić, Miloš Okuka i dr.), naročito Dragomir Vujičić i Asim Peco, koji su bili i urednici i autori priloga u Bosanskohercegovačkom dijalektološkom zborniku Instituta, u kojem je objavljivana prikupljena građa. Iako je građa prikupljena do 1988. godine, prvi tom atlasa izašao je tek 2020. godine, u suizdavaštvu Federalnog ministarstva obrazovanja i nauke, Instituta za jezik i Slavističkog komiteta.
Od ostalih dijalektoloških projekata, Komisija se 1977. uključila u rad na Evropskom lingvističkom atlasu – ELA, koji je imao 7 punktova koji su se podudarali s punktovima OLA, pa je rad na ovom atlasu tekao praktično usput s radom na OLA, ali u smanjenom intenzitetu – uglavnom je dostavljana građa i učestvovalo se na radnim sastancima, ali nijedan tom nije izišao u izdanju ANUBiH. Pored njega, iste se godine Komisija uključila i u Općekarpatski dijalektološki atlas – OKDA, u kojem je Bosna i Hercegovina zastupljena s 3 punkta, ali kako se kvestionar razlikovao od OLA i ELA, to je materijal s ovih punktova prikupljan do 1980, nakon čega se rad sveo na dostavljanje materijala i pomoći u izradi karata, bez izdavanja svoga atlasa, kao i na ELA. Pored rada na atlasima, Komisija je finansirala i druga dijalektološka istraživanja – Brabecova ispitivanja govora Tuzle i okolice, Pecina ispitivanja Ortiješa, zapadne Bosne, zapadne Hercegovine, Podveležja i dr.
Drugi veliki projekt Komisije bio je Rječnik općeslavenskog (crkvenoslavenskog) literarnog jezika, zasnovan 1969. u saradnji sa Staroslavenskim institutom “Svetozar Ritig” u Zagrebu, Institutom za srpskohrvatski jezik u Beogradu i Institutom za makedonski jezik “Krste Misirkov” u Skoplju, kojim je rukovodila Herta Kuna za poslove vezane za bh. Komisiju – preciznije korpus bosanskih evanđelja, nekoliko zbornika i jedan apostol. Projekt je zamišljen kao desetogodišnji, ali je finansiran samo četiri godine, kad je i urađen najveći dio posla – ekscerpirana je građa iz Divoševog evanđelja i počelo se s uporednom ekscerpcijom građe iz Nikoljskog, Kopitarevog i Čajničkog evanđelja. Ipak, i bez finansiranja, rad na Rječniku je nastavljen pa je do 1980. završena i uporedna ekscerpcija i početa ekscerpcija dijelova Nikoljskog evanđelja koji nisu sačuvani u Divoševom. Do 1982. ekscerpirano je Evanđelje po Luki, 1987. planirana je ekscerpcija Evanđelja iz Dovolje, a 1990. Pripkovićevog evanđelja. S obzirom na specifičnost ovog rada, vrlo malo saradnika je angažovano na Rječniku – uglavnom su poslove obavljali sama Herta Kuna, te Svjetlana Šeremet i Josip Raos. I ovaj je projekt zamro u ratu, a obnovljen je tek nedavno – u okviru Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja na njemu rade Lejla Nakaš, Mehmed Kardaš, Erma Ramić-Kunić i Šeila Bećirović.
Dosta se radilo i na tzv. terminologijama – prikupljanju građe za specijalizirane rječnike s leksikom vezanom za pojedina polja ljudskog djelovanja (stočarsko, ratarsko, rodovsko...). Rad je započet 1967. godine i tekao je kontinuirano, međutim, iz njega su objavljivani tek poneki radovi, u publikacijama ANUBiH ili drugdje. Jedini veći rezultat ovog rada bio je naučni skup Savjetovanje o terminologijama narodne materijalne i duhovne kulture, održan 22. i 23. 12. 1974, sa zbornikom radova koji je izišao 1976. godine.
Godinama je u Komisiji prikupljana onomastička, preciznije toponomastička građa, a rezultate ovih istraživanja objavljivao je uglavnom Dragomir Vujičić u Radovima Odjeljenja te monografiji Hidronimi (imena voda) u lijevom slivu Drine iz 1983, kao i Asim Peco u Mikrotoponimiji Podveležja 1990. ANUBiH je bila i organizator V jugoslovenske onomastičke konferencije te je izdala zbornik radova 1984. godine. U 1983. zasnovan je projekat Rječnik prezimena u Bosni i Hercegovini, ali on nikad nije zaživio.
Komisija je bila član više međuakademijskih odbora (odbori koji su ujedinjavali rad svih jugoslavenskih akademija), između ostalih Međuakademijskog odbora za leksikografiju i leksikologiju, s kojim je 19–22. 11. 1986. organizovala Treću jugoslovensku konferenciju o leksikografiji i leksikologiji, s koje je objavljen i zbornik radova, te Međuakademijskog odbora za fonetiku i fonologiju Savjeta akademija nauka i umjetnosti SFRJ, s kojim je 17–19. 9. 1987. održana 10. konferencija Međunarodne komisije za fonetiku i fonologiju slovenskih jezika, također s objavljenim zbornikom radova. U 1989. Komisija je učestvovala u obilježavanju 800 godina od izdavanja Povelje bosanskog bana Kulina organizacijom naučnog skupa s kojeg je objavljen zbornik radova. Godine 1990. u Međuakademijskom odboru za proučavanje ortografske i ortoepske problematike, čiji je nosilac ANUBiH, organizovani su sastanci i dogovarana normativna pravila, koja nisu objavljena niti na bilo koji način prezentirana javnosti.
Od ostalih stvari interesantno je napomenuti da je Komisija 1967. godine sastavila referat o proučavanju školske nastave maternjeg jezika u BiH i van nje, gdje je ustanovljeno da je zanemareno izučavanje književnog jezika i građenje smisla za jezičku kulturu. Vuković je godinama snimao različitu govornu građu za Institut za eksperimentalnu fonetiku i patologiju govora u Beogradu, ali ta građa, zbog nemogućnosti adekvatnog smještaja, kako je navedeno, nije mogla biti pohranjena u ANUBiH. Radilo se i na lingvističkoj bibliografiji (od 1971), ali ona nije objavljena. Kao da su se na neki način trebali sumirati rezultati, Odjeljenje društvenih nauka je 29–31. marta 1985. organizovalo skup Lingvistika i lingvističke aktivnosti u Jugoslaviji, s kojeg je izišao zbornik radova, nakon čega do rata i nije bilo nekih većih projekata i rezultata, osim pojedinačnih. Ni projekat Društveni ciljevi XIII/3 Standardnojezički izraz srpskohrvatskog, odnosno hrvatskosrpskog jezika u Bosni i Hercegovini (I faza), zasnovan 1986. u saradnji s Institutom za jezik kao nosiocem projekta i Filozofskim fakultetom, nikad nije dovršen, iako je zamišljen kao veliki projekat i relativno dobro je finansiran od strane tadašnjeg SIZ-a za nauku.
U ratnom periodu u ANUBiH nije se radilo na jeziku, a već 1996. godine ukinuta je Komisija za lingvistiku, čija je djelatnost prenesena na novoformirano Odjeljenje za književnost i lingvistiku, ali očito teoretski, jer nijedan član odjeljenja nije bio lingvist. U 1997. godini pri Odjeljenju društvenih nauka osnovan je Odjel za leksikografiju, čija primarna zadaća ipak nije bila lingvistička, nego pravljenje Enciklopedije Bosne i Hercegovine, uz Rječnik bosanskog jezika, koji je ostao na ideji. Iste godine raspravljalo se i o Komisiji za lingvistička istraživanja, koja je formalno pripojena Odjeljenju za književnost i lingvistiku, ali nije imala nijednog člana. U 2000. Odjel za leksikografiju i leksikologiju transformiran je u Centar za leksikografiju i leksikologiju, ali je rad usmjerio samo na Enciklopediju BiH, dok Komisija nije pokrenuta, iako se razgovaralo o potrebi za tim. Centar je 2001. pozvao Asima Pecu da vodi Rječnik bosanskog jezika, ali se on nije odazvao. Od aktivnosti vezanih za jezik 2003. Odjeljenje društvenih nauka predložilo je da se lingvistika vrati u njegove okvire, u 2004. sačinjen je Plan oživljavanja lingvističkih aktivnosti u ANUBiH, u 2005. godini ukinuto je Odjeljenje za književnost i lingvistiku, a osnovano Odjeljenje humanističkih nauka, pri kojem bi se trebalo baviti i lingvistikom, ali taj rad nije bio moguć sve do 2018, kada su primljena dva člana iz oblasti lingvistike – Senahid Halilović i Marina Katnić-Bakaršić. Senahid Halilović danas rukovodi Centrom za leksikologiju i leksikografiju, koji je preuzeo poslove na lingvističkim atlasima kao primarne, te dobio lingvistiku u svoju nadležnost.
U Balkanološkom institutu, kasnije Centru za balkanološka ispitivanja, lingvistiku su, osim Henrika Barića, ispočetka zastupali Jovan Vuković, koji je ipak više radio u Komisiji za lingvistiku pri Odjeljenju istorijsko-filoloških nauka, a zatim Ivan Pudić, koji se uglavnom bavio toponimima Dalmacije, Koruške, Kranjske i sjevernih dijelova Panonije, tražeći u njima ilirske elemente, te napisima u Crnoj Gori, Rade Uhlik, koji je godinama proučavao romski jezik, Idriz Ajeti, ispitujući govor Arbanasa kod Zadra, zanimljiv jer je predstavljao mješavinu albanskog, konkretno gegijskog dijalekta, te romanskih i slavenskih jezika, Vojmir Vinja, koji je obrađivao staroromanske dijalekte u Zadarskom primorju, a postojao je dugo godina i projekat “Studija o romanskim jezičkim elementima na području jugoistočne Hercegovine”, zasnovan 1969. godine, na kojem je radila Edina Alirejsović i koji je rezultirao s nekoliko radova objavljenih u Godišnjaku.
Već nakon smrti Henrika Barića 1957. godine počelo se razmišljati o preorijentiranju Balkanološkog instituta na više historijske, a manje lingvističke teme, što se postepeno tokom godina i dešavalo, zbog smrti ili odlaska članova lingvista koji se bave lingvističkim ispitivanjima. Na prijedlog Nacionalnog komiteta za onomastiku Balkanološki institut je 1960. godine izabrao Onomastički odbor NRBiH s članovima: Milenko Filipović, Jovan Vuković, Ivan Pudić i Abdulah Škaljić, ali nema daljih podataka o radu ovog odbora. Centar je 23. 10. 1969. organizirao Savjetovanje o metodologiji skupljanja starih balkanskih toponomastičkih relikata, s tri referata: Radoslav Katičić “Uvodno izlaganje o problemu toponomastičke dokumentacije Centra”, Žarko Muljačić “Toponomastičke dileme” i Petar Šimunović “Prijedlog o metodu rada na izradi predslovenske toponimije na Balkanu”. Na savjetovanju je konstatovano da nije potrebno praviti kartoteku ovih toponima jer to već radi Komisija za lingvistička ispitivanja, ali bi trebalo precizirati načine prikupljanja građe. Praktično se onomastikom, tačnije toponomastikom, u narednim godinama bavio samo Ivan Pudić, dok je glavni rad na onomastici preuzela ipak Komisija za lingvistiku. Lingvistički rad je potpuno zamro u Centru 1989. godine. U poslijeratnim godinama tek se sporadično javljaju radovi iz oblasti jezika, da bi se nedavno rad Centra ponovo okrenuo i prema lingvističkim istraživanjima, primanjem Lejle Nakaš kao člana.
3 Lingvistički radovi u ANUBiH
Odjeljenje je relativno redovno izdavalo svoju publikaciju Radovi, u kojima su objavljivani tekstovi raznih lingvista, iz ANUBiH, ali i drugih. Godine 1967. razmišljalo se o obnovi časopisa Pitanja savremenog književnog jezika, koji je od 1948. godine izdavao Institut za savremeni jezik pri Višoj pedagoškoj školi u Sarajevu. Časopis je obnovljen, ali ne pri ANUBiH, da bi ga 1972. godine naslijedio Književni jezik, pri Institutu za jezik i Katedri za jezik na Filozofskom fakultetu, za koji se također razmišljalo o tome da bude pri ANUBiH, ali se ni to nije desilo. Ipak, članovi Komisije aktivno su učestvovali u pokretanjima i radu ovih časopisa. Balkanološki institut, kasnije Centar, svoje je radove objavljivao u svojoj publikaciji Godišnjak.
ANUBiH se u cjelini bavila lingvistikom u zavisnosti od članova lingvista. Tako su sami počeci vezani za indoevropeistiku jer je među prvim članovima Naučnog društva Bosne i Hercegovine bio Henrik Barić, da bi ga kasnije naslijedio Radoslav Katičić, u Centru za balkanološka ispitivanja. Ispočetka, Centar se znatno više bavio lingvistikom, konkretno balkanistikom, pa imamo radove koji se bave pojedinačnim jezicima, ali i interferencijama južnoslavenskih jezika i albanskog i rumunskog, te čak njihovim starijim vezama s grčkim, kao i pokušajima osvjetljavanja ilirskog te nanosima iz ostalih jezika (njemačkog, turskog…). Jedan je rad čak napisan na latinskom jeziku ( De Hil(l)uriorum Pelastarum vestigiis quibusdam lexicis). Dugogodišnje proučavanje romanskih utjecaja u Hercegovini i Crnoj Gori rezultiralo je s nekoliko radova na ovu temu, a proučavan je i istroromanski i dalmatski u Dalmaciji. Sedam radova i dvije knjige posvećeni su govoru Arbanasa kod Zadra, kao zanimljivoj mješavini albanskog, romanskog i slavenskog. U tri je rada elaboriran i odnos makedonskog prema grčkom iz najstarijeg perioda, a proučavan je i romski jezik.
Od klasičnih jezika, manji broj radova posvećen je starogrčkom i latinskom, a nešto više staroslavenskom, i to raznim redakcijama, mada najviše bosanskoj. Potonji su se ipak više objavljivali u izdanjima Odjeljenja istorijsko-filoloških, odnosno društvenih nauka, kao i radovi o ostalim slavenskim jezicima (najčešće u serijskoj publikaciji Radovi i zbornicima s naučnih skupova) – slovenskom, češkom, bugarskom, makedonskom, poljskom, bjeloruskom, kašupskom, ruskom te općenito slavenskim jezicima, na sinhronoj i dijahronoj ravni. Proučavana je leksika, razvoj, dijalekti, fonetika, fonologija, prozodija, tvorba, glagolski vid, toponimi, semantika te jezici pojedinih tekstova i autora, a davani su i osvrti na razvoj makedonistike, rusistike, slavistike općenito. Publikacija Studia linguistica polono-jugoslavica, koja je izlazila u saradnji s Poljskom, naročito je donijela veći broj tekstova o poljskom i njegovim vezama s južnoslavenskim jezicima. Uglavnom u Radovima, izlazili su i tekstovi posvećeni germanskim i romanskim jezicima.
Što se tiče jezika s naših prostora, od srednjovjekovnih tekstova obrađena je uglavnom Povelja bana Kulina, u publikaciji posvećenoj osamstotoj godišnjici od njenog izdavanja te u pojedinačnim tekstovima – tek u novije vrijeme, ponovnim vraćanjem lingvistike, prvo u okvire Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja, ali i ANUBiH općenito, pojavljuju se u Godišnjaku tekstovi iz bosnistike – konkretno rad Lejle Nakaš o pismu natpisa na stećcima, pored radova o bosanskoj redakciji staroslavenskog Mehmeda Kardaša i Erme Ramić-Kunić.
Samo je jedan rad posvećen alhamijadu – rad Hanke Vajzović, dok je historiji književnog jezika posvećen nešto veći broj radova. Ovi se radovi odnose uglavnom na historiju srpskog i hrvatskog ili srpskohrvatskog jezika, a na historiju bosanskog jezika, uz hrvatski, odnosi se znatan broj radova i knjiga koja se bavi jezikom franjevaca u periodu osmanske vladavine (Marijan Šunjić, Nikola Lašvanin, Lovro Sitović, Filip Laštrić, Matija Divković, Ivan Bandulavić).
Za razliku od situacije danas, kad se fonetici i fonologiji u bosnistici ne posvećuje naročita pažnja, u prijeratnom periodu dosta je radova objavljenih na ovu temu, uključujući i knjigu Fonološki opisi, proizašlu iz rada Komisije za lingvistiku na Općeslavenskom lingvističkom atlasu. Nekoliko radova posvećeno je morfološkoj problematici, uglavnom glagola, jedan rad je o tvorbi riječi, dok je sintaksa više zastupljena, uglavnom zahvaljujući radu Jovana Vukovića, uz kojeg se pojavljuju i ostali sintaksičari s naših prostora – Milivoje Minović, Milka Ivić, Ksenija Milošević i dr. Semantikom se bave samo tri rada.
Kako je rad Komisije za lingvistiku bio okrenut ponajviše dijalektologiji, očekivano je veliki broj radova na ovu temu, i to onih koji se bave upravo bosanskohercegovačkim dijalektima. Praktično svi dijalektolozi na ovaj ili onaj način došli su u dodir s Komisijom, bilo kao stalni bilo kao povremeni saradnici – od autora tu, pored Vukovića, nalazimo Pecu, Šimundića, Ćupića, Neweklowskog, Šojata, Petrovića, Vujičića, Ivića, Lisca i dr. Dijalektološki je rad bio koncentrisan uglavnom na Općeslavenski lingvistički atlas, da bi nakon rata (2010) sav materijal bosanskohercegovačkih punktova bio objavljen u ediciji Građa.
Druga okosnica rada Komisije bila je tzv. terminologija – riječ je o specifičnoj leksici iz pojedinih oblasti – nazivi riba, posuđa, biljaka, pokućstva, životinja, ovaca, igara, pčela itd. Njome se bavio i Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja u početku, pa su tekstovi izlazili u Godišnjaku i Radovima, a održano je i posebno Savjetovanje o terminologijama narodne materijalne i duhovne kulture (1976). Ovaj intenzivni rad i u drugim centrima ostao je ipak bez konkretnog krajnjeg rezultata, završivši u nekim specijaliziranim rječnicima ili postavši dijelom kasnijih savremenih rječnika. S druge strane, i mimo ove specifične leksike, leksikologiji je posvećivana pažnja od kraja sedamdesetih, a 1988. izašao je i zbornik radova sa skupa posvećenog leksikologiji i leksikografiji – u njemu se nalazi i rad o Muhamedu Hevaiju Uskufiju (Ismeta Smailovića) te Bašeskijinom Ljetopisu (Dragomira Vujičića). Poslije rata ANUBiH objavljuje i dva rječnika: Rječnik medicinskih naziva u bosanskome jeziku Faruka Konjhodžića (1999) i Leksikon krivičnog prava Bosne i Hercegovine Miodraga Simovića i Dragana Jovaševića (2018).
I Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja i Komisija za lingvistiku bavili su se toponomastikom, koja je također bila u usponu u drugoj polovini 20. st. s tim da je i tu izostala neka veća studija, pa su se istraživanja uglavnom svodila na radove, koji nisu uvijek ni objavljivani u publikacijama ANUBiH. Samo su dvije studije objavljene monografski – Hidronimi (imena voda) u lijevom slivu Drine Dragomira Vujičića (1983) i Mikrotoponimija Podveležja Asima Pece (1990). Manji broj radova posvećen je drugim nazivima.
Po tri rada posvećena su stilistici, što je donekle i očekivano, jer se stilistika kod nas tek bila počela razvijati, ali i pravopisu, što je neočekivano, jer je npr. Jovan Vuković bio član Pravopisne komisije. Lingvisti pri ANUBiH bavili su se normom, ali to nije bila orijentacija tijela iz ANUBiH koja su se bavila lingvistikom, pa su o tim temama radove i studije objavljivali drugdje. S druge strane, kako je ANUBiH krovna naučna institucija, uglavnom savjetodavnog karaktera, veliki je broj radova koji govore općenito o jeziku i lingvistici, uglavnom objavljenih u Radovima i zbornicima radova (npr. Zadaci naše nauke о savremenom književnom jeziku, Problematika ispitivanja savremenog jezika i jezička kultura, Purizam, liberalizam ili kriterij jezičkog odabiranja, Varijante standarnog jezika: definicija, porijeklo, tipologija i funkcija, O nekim manje poznatim lingvističkim djelima i djelatnostima u prošlosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Problemi obrade lingvističkih podataka itd.).
4 Zaključak
Iz prikazanih podataka vidi se da je rad ANUBiH na lingvističkim istraživanjima pratio zahtjeve tadašnje nauke o lingvistici. Najveći doprinos je u radu na Općeslavenskom lingvističkom atlasu, počevši od samog uključivanja, preko popunjavanja upitnika, i to dva puta – jednom prije i jednom poslije rata, do učešća u izradi karata i tumačenju materijala. Uz OLA, aktiviran je rad i u Evropskom lingvističkom i Općekarpatskom dijalektološkom atlasu, a značajan je i rad na Bosanskohercegovačkom dijalektološkom kompleksu, koji je iznjedrio, ako ne konačne rezultate, a ono barem građu koja je i danas nezaobilazna u dijalektološkim radovima.
Drugi veliki, mada nedovršeni projekt, bio je Rječnik općeslavenskog (crkvenoslavenskog) literarnog jezika, od kojeg je srećom sačuvana prikupljena građa, koja je omogućila recentni nastavak rada na njemu. Od ostalih radova, može se reći da je jeziku franjevaca posvećena značajna pažnja, ispitani su glavni tekstovi, koji predstavljaju osnovu za dalja istraživanja njihovog jezika, kao i dijalektološke monografije, kao što je Šimundićev Govor Imotske krajine i Bekije ili Pecina Mikrotoponimija Podveležja za toponomastiku.
Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja zaslužan je za lingvistička ispitivanja balkanskih jezika, a nerijetko je donosio i priloge o drugim jezicima, šireći interese ANUBiH na ostale slavenske i neslavenske jezike. U posljednje vrijeme orijentiran je na historiju jezika u Bosni i Hercegovini, što odgovara njegovoj programskoj orijentaciji gotovo od samog početka.
Napokon, Akademija nije izdala nijedno kapitalno djelo iz oblasti lingvistike, kao što bi bila Dijalektologija, Historija (književnog) jezika, Leksikologija i sl., ali je svojim radom otvorila proučavanja i dala nužne radove na osnovu kojih će izrada ovakvih djela biti znatno lakša.
1 Introduction
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, linguistics was more seriously perused after the establishment of important institutions such as the University of Sarajevo and the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, later the Language Institute. Although newly founded, given the existence of already established linguists, these institutions started to produce significant results in the field of linguistics right from the start. This paper examines the role of ANUBIH in the development of linguistics in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The sources for the analysis were the Ljetopisi / Chronicles, first of the Scientific Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and later of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in which, in more or less detail, the organizational units made reports on the work of the previous years, as well as plans for the future work.
With a comparative and chronological method, the work was followed on individual projects and important reorganizations of the constituent units of the Academy, which also included language studies in the description of their work, were selected.
In addition, a bibliography of works on the language was compiled, excerpted from the publication Pregled izdanja ANUBiH 1952–2011. / Review of ANUBIH publications 1952–2011 and the Ljetopisi / Chronicles, which were then compared with the reports so that in particular cases conclusions could be drawn about the work on the project.
The bibliography is annexed at the end of the paper, after the conclusion in which ANUBIH is tried to be evaluated objectively in terms of its contribution to linguistic science in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
2 Organization of work on linguistic research and linguistic projects at ANUBIH
Linguistics has been the focus of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina since its founding as a Scientific Society in 1951. One of the first three departments of the Academy was the Department of Historical and Philological Sciences, where Jovan Vuković worked as a linguist.
Since 1962, the head of the Balkanological Institute, the Centre for Balkanological Research at the Department of Social Sciences, the oldest centre of the Academy, founded as early as 1954, was the linguist Henrik Barić, and it is planned that the institute will also deal with “examination of Old Balkan ethnic and linguistic groups, their mutual relations and mutual influences” (Ljetopis I, 1970: 67).
The Department of Historical and Philological Sciences immediately started with dialectological research and with them was involved in the first major project of the entire Academy: Lepenica, which was based very soon after its foundation in accordance with the goal set by the NDBiH (Scientific Society of BIH), to study the natural and social possibilities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Vuković gave a contribution about the Kreševo-Lepenica dialect (it was established that it is ijekavian dialect with admixtures of ikavian, and its characteristic is a non-shifted long falling accent, Ljetopis I 1970: 106).
Even during the time of the Scientific Society, in 1957, the Department joined the project The Slavic Linguistic Atlas – SLA, an ongoing Slavic project, which studies dialects of Slavic languages and maps them in individual volumes specialized in certain regions. Bosnia and Herzegovina is represented in this atlas with 13 points. The collection of material from the points proceeded gradually – by 1967, 7 points were filled, and the others were completed by 1975. On the questionnaires, Slavko Vukomanović, Mate Šimundić, Smail Karačević, Dragomir Vujičić, Slobodan Remetić, Dalibor Brozović, and many others worked.
The work on SLA was crowned with the first volume of the atlas on the yat reflexes, published in 1988 in co-publishing with the Yugoslav academies, and with the book Fonološki opisi / Phonological Descriptions from 1981.
After the war, in 2004, preparations began for the re-inclusion, this time as Bosnia and Herzegovina in the work on SLA, which was achieved in 2005, thanks to the efforts of Senahid Halilović. After the return to work on SLA, thanks to the hiring of an associate on this project to ANUBIH, the questionnaires and material were digitized, which made participation in SLA much easier, and the study of Bosnian dialects in Türkiye began – questionnaires were filled out at three points. In 2010, material for SLA was published in five volumes.
When the Scientific Society became the Academy in 1966, the Department of Historical and Philological Sciences was divided into the Department of Social Sciences and the Department of Literature and Art. The language remained within the Department of Social Sciences, where three linguistic commissions were established: The Commission for Onomastics, the Commission for General Dialectological Examinations and the Commission for Contemporary Literary Language, and in 1967 they were transformed into the Commission for Linguistic Examinations with subcommittees for dialectological examinations and contemporary literary language. In 1967, the Commission consisted of the following members: Milan Vasić, Miloš Bjelovitić, Herta Kuna, Nedžad Hadžidedić, Svetozar Marković, Milivoje Minović, Ksenija Milošević, and Nadžija Taso, led by Jovan Vuković, who was succeeded by Asim Peco after his death in 1979. The membership of the Commission changed over time, but it is significant that all BH linguists in one way or another participated in the work of the Commission until the war. After the death of Jovan Vuković, it was considered to merge the Commission with the Language Institute, with which the Commission closely cooperated, but this did not happen.
In addition to work on SLA, the commission dealt with dialectology through other dialectology projects – in 1960, the department was also involved in the work on the Jugoslovenski lingvistički atlas / Yugoslav Linguistic Atlas, later the Srpskohrvatski dijalektološki atlas / Serbo-Croatian Dialectological Atlas, which was never completed, because its points mostly coincided with the atlases of the individual republics, on which work was much more intensive.
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, it was the project BH dialectological complex – synchronic description and relation to the modern standard language (BHDC) with 226 points, founded in 1974 in the newly founded Institute for Language, with its partner the Commission for Linguistics of the ANUBIH, whose members worked a lot on this project (Jovan Vuković, Nevenka Gošić, Snježana Ćerić, Ksenija Milošević, Josip Baotić, Miloš Okuka, etc.), especially Dragomir Vujičić and Asim Peco, who were also editors and authors of articles in the Institute’s Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik / Bosnian-Herzegovinian dialectological proceesings, in which the collected materials were published. Although the material was collected until 1988, the first volume of the atlas was published only in 2020, co-published by the Federal Ministry of Education and Science, the Language Institute and the Slavic Committee.
Among other dialectology projects, in 1977 the Commission got involved in the work on the European Linguistic Atlas – ELA, which had 7 points that coincided with the points of SLA, so the work on this atlas went practically along with the work on SLA, but at a reduced intensity – mostly materials were delivered and work meetings were participated in, but none of the volumes were published by ANUBIH.
In addition, in the same year, the Commission was also involved in Carpathian dialectological atlas – CDA, in which Bosnia and Herzegovina is represented with 3 points, but as the questionnaire differed from SLA and ELA, the material from these points was collected until 1980, after which the work was reduced to the delivery of material and help in making maps, without publishing its own atlas, as well as on ELA.
In addition to work on atlases, the Commission also financed other dialectological research – Brabec’s study of the speech of Tuzla and its surroundings, Peco’s study of Ortiješ, western Bosnia, western Herzegovina, Podveležje, etc.
Another major project of the Commission was the Dictionary of the Common-Slavic (Church Slavonic) Literary Language, founded in 1969 in cooperation with the Old Slavonic Institute “Svetozar Ritig” in Zagreb, The Institute for the Serbo-Croatian Language in Belgrade and the Institute for the Macedonian Language “Krste Misirkov” in Skopje, which was managed by Herta Kuna for affairs related to the BiH Commission – more precisely, the corpus of the Bosnian Gospels, several anthologies and one apostle.
The project was conceived as a ten-year project, but it was financed for only four years, when most of the work was done – the material was excerpted from the Gospel of Divoš Tihoradić and it began with a comparative excerpt of material from the Gospel of Nikolje, Kopitar and Čajniče. Nevertheless, even without funding, the work on the Dictionary continued, and by 1980 a comparative excerpt was completed and the excerpt of the parts of the Gospel of Nikolje that were not preserved in the Gospel of Divoš has begun.
By 1982, the Gospel of Luke has been excerpted, in 1987 it was planned to excerpt the the Gospel from Dovolja, and in 1990 Pripković’s Gospel. Considering the specificity of this work, very few collaborators were engaged on Dictionary – work was mostly done by Herta Kuna herself, and Svjetlana Šeremet and Josip Raos. This project also stopped in the war, and it was renewed only recently – within the Center for Balkanological Research, Lejla Nakaš, Mehmed Kardaš, Erma Ramić-Kunić and Šeila Bećirović are working on it.
A lot of work was done on the so-called terminologies – collecting materials for specialized dictionaries with lexica related to individual fields of human activity (livestock, farming, genealogy...). The work started in 1967 and ran continuously, however, only a few works were published from it, in ANUBIH publications or elsewhere. The only major result of this work was the scientific conference Savjetovanje o terminologijama narodne materijalne i duhovne kulture / Consulting on the terminologies of national material and spiritual culture, held on December 22 and 23, 1974, with a Proceedings published in 1976.
For years, the Commission has been collecting onomastic, more precisely toponymic material, and Dragomir Vujičić has mostly published the results of this research in Radovi / Works of the Department and the monograph Hidronimi (imena voda) u lijevom slivu Drine / Hydronyms (names of water) in the left basin of the Drina from 1983, as well as Asim Peco in the Mikrotoponimija Podveležja / Microtoponymy of Podveležje, 1990. ANUBIH was also the organizer of the 5th Yugoslav onomastic conference and published the proceedings in 1984.
In 1983, the project Rječnik prezimena u Bosni i Hercegovini / Dictionary of Surnames in Bosnia and Herzegovina was founded, but it never took hold.
The Commission was a member of several inter-academic committees (committees that united the work of all Yugoslav academies), among others the Inter-Academic Committee for Lexicography and Lexicology, with which it has organized the Treća jugoslovenska konferencija o leksikografiji i leksikologiji / Third Yugoslav Conference on Lexicography and Lexicology on November 19–22, 1986, from which the collection of papers was published, and the Inter-Academic Committee for Phonetics and Phonology of the Council of Academies of Sciences and Arts of the SFRY, with which in September 17–19, 1987, the 10. konferencija Međunarodne komisije za fonetiku i fonologiju slovenskih jezika / 10th Conference of the International Commission for Phonetics and Phonology of Slovenian Languages was held, also with published proceedings.
In 1989, the Commission participated in the celebration of the 800th anniversary of the issuance of the Charter of Bosnian Ban Kulin by organizing a scientific conference, from which the proceedings were published. In 1990, in the Inter-Academic Committee for the Study of Orthographic and Orthoepic Issues, chaired by ANUBIH, meetings were organized and normative rules were agreed upon, which were not published or presented to the public in any way.
Among other things, it is interesting to note that in 1967 the Commission composed a report on the study of native language in BH school teaching, and abroad, where it was established that the study of the literary language and the formation of a sense for language culture had been neglected. For years, Vuković recorded various speech material for the Institute for Experimental Phonetics and Speech Pathology in Belgrade, but due to the impossibility of adequate accommodation, as stated, this material could not be stored in ANUBIH. It was also worked on the linguistic bibliography (since 1971), but it hasn’t been published. As if the results were to be summed up in some way, the Department of Social Sciences in March 29–31, 1985, organized a conference Lingvistika i lingvističke aktivnosti u Jugoslaviji / Linguistics and Linguistic Activities in Yugoslavia, from which a collection of papers was published, after which, until the war, there were no major projects and results, except individual ones. Even the project Društveni ciljevi XIII/3 Standardnojezički izraz srpskohrvatskog, odnosno hrvatskosrpskog jezika u Bosni i Hercegovini (I faza) / Social goals XIII/3 Standard non-linguistic expression of Serbo-Croatian, i.e. Croatian-Serbian language in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Phase I), founded in 1986 in cooperation with the Language Institute as the project holder and the Faculty of Philosophy, was never completed, although it was conceived as a large project and it was relatively well-financed by the then SIZ (Self-Managing Communities of Interest) for Science.
During the war period, the ANUBIH did not work on language, and already in 1996, the Commission for Linguistics was abolished, whose activity was transferred to the newly formed Department of Literature and Linguistics, but obviously theoretically, because no member of the department was a linguist. In 1997, the Department of Lexicography was established at the Department of Social Sciences, whose primary task was not linguistics, but the creation of the Encyclopaedia of Bosnia and Herzegovina, along with the Dictionary of the Bosnian Language, which remained as an idea. In the same year, the Commission for Linguistic Research was also discussed, which was formally affiliated with the Department of Literature and Linguistics, but it did not have any members.
In 2000, the Department of Lexicography and Lexicology was transformed into the Center for Lexicography and Lexicology, but it focused its work only on the Encyclopedia of B&H, while the Commission was not launched, although the need for it was discussed. In 2001, the Centre invited Asim Peco to run the Dictionary of the Bosnian Language, but he did not respond. Regarding the activities related to language, in 2003 the Department of Social Sciences proposed that linguistics be returned to its framework, in 2004 a Plan for the revival of linguistic activities in ANUBIH was drawn up, in 2005 the Department of Literature and Linguistics was abolished, and the Department of Humanities was established, which should also deal with linguistics, but this work was not possible until 2018, when two members from the field of linguistics were accepted – Senahid Halilović and Marina Katnić-Bakaršić. Today, Senahid Halilović manages the Centre for Lexicology and Lexicography, which took over the work on linguistic atlases as its primary activity and got linguistics under its jurisdiction.
In the Balkanological Institute, later the Center for Balkanological Studies, apart from Henrik Barić, linguistics was initially represented by Jovan Vuković, who nevertheless worked more in the Commission for Linguistics at the Department of Historical and Philological Sciences, and then Ivan Pudić, who mainly dealt with the toponyms of Dalmatia, Carinthia, Carniola and the northern parts of Pannonia, looking for Illyrian elements in them, and the writings in Montenegro, Rade Uhlik, who studied the Romani language for years, Idriz Ajeti, examining the speech of Arbanasi people near Zadar, interesting because it represented a mixture of Albanian, specifically the Gheg dialect, and Romance and Slavic languages, Vojmir Vinja, who worked on the Old Romance dialects in the Zadar coast, and for many years there was also the project “Studija o romanskim jezičkim elementima na području jugoistočne Hercegovine” / “Study on Romance Language Elements in the Southeastern Herzegovina”, founded in 1969, on which Edina Alirejsović worked and which resulted in several papers published in the Godišnjak / Annual.
Already after the death of Henrik Barić in 1957, the idea of reorienting the Balkanology Institute to more historical and less linguistic topics began, which happened gradually over the years, due to the death or departure of linguist members that were dealing with linguistic research. In 1960, at the proposal of the National Committee for Onomastics, the Balkanology Institute elected the Onomastic Committee of the NRBiH (the People’s Republic Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina) with members: Milenko Filipović, Jovan Vuković, Ivan Pudić and Abdulah Škaljić, but there is no further information about the work of this committee. On 23 October 1969, the Centre organized Savjetovanje o metodologiji skupljanja starih balkanskih toponomastičkih relikata / Symposia on the Methodology of Collecting Old Balkan Toponomastic Relics, with three papers: Radoslav Katičić “Uvodno izlaganje o problemu toponomastičke dokumentacije Centra” / “Introductory Presentation on the Center’s Toponomastic Documentation Problem”, Žarko Muljačić “Toponomastičke dileme” / “Toponomastic Dilemmas”, and Petar Šimunović “Prijedlog o metodu rada na izradi predslovenske toponimije na Balkanu” / “Proposal on the Method of Working on pre-Slavic toponyms in the Balkans”. At the Symposium, it was concluded that it is not necessary to create a card index of these toponyms, as the Commission for Linguistic Investigations was already doing that, but the methods of the material collecting should be specified. Practically, only Ivan Pudić dealt with onomastics, more precisely with toponomastics, in the following years, while the main work on onomastics was taken over by the Commission for Linguistics. Linguistic work completely stopped in the Centre in 1989. In the post-war years, works in the field of language appeared only sporadically, and recently the work of the Centre turned again to linguistic research, by accepting Lejla Nakaš as a member.
3 Linguistic works at ANUBIH
The Department was publishing its publication Radovi / Works relatively regularly, in which the texts of various linguists, from ANUBIH, as well as others, were published. In 1967, the renewal of the journal Pitanja savremenog književnog jezika / Questions of Contemporary Language, which had been published since 1948 by the Institute for Contemporary Language at the Higher Pedagogical School in Sarajevo, was considered. The journal was renewed, but not by ANUBIH, and from 1972 successor title is Književni jezik / Literary Language, published by the Language Institute and the Department of Language at the Faculty of Philosophy, which was also considered to be at the ANUBIH, but that did not happen either. Nevertheless, the members of the Commission actively participated in the launching and operation of these journals. The Balkanological Institute, later the Centre, published its works in its publication Godišnjak / Annual.
ANUBiH as a whole dealt with linguistics depending on the linguist members. Thus, the very beginnings are related to Indo-European studies, because among the first members of the Scientific Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina was Henrik Barić, who was later succeeded by Radoslav Katičić, in the Centre for Balkanological Research. From the beginning, the Centre was much more engaged with linguistics, specifically Balkan studies, so we have works that deal with individual languages, but also with the interference of South Slavic languages and Albanian and Romanian, and even their older connections with Greek, as well as attempts to shed light on Illyrian and contributions from other languages (German, Turkish …). One work was even written in Latin ( De Hil(l)uriorum Pelastarum vestigiis quibusdam lexicis) / Some Lexical Marks of Illyrian Pelasti. The long-term study of Romance influences in Herzegovina and Montenegro resulted in several works on this topic, and Istriot language and Dalmatian in Dalmatia were also studied. Seven works and two books are devoted to the speech of Arbanasi people near Zadar, as an interesting mixture of Albanian, Romani, and Slavic languages. The relationship between Macedonian and Greek from the oldest period was elaborated in three papers, and the Romani language was also studied. Regarding the classical languages, a smaller number of works are devoted to Ancient Greek and Latin, and somewhat more to Old Slavonic, and to various redactions, although mostly to Bosnian.
The latter were, however, more often published in the publications of the Department of Historical-Philological, i.e., Social Sciences, as well as works on other Slavic languages (most often in the serial publication Radovi / Works and proceedings of scientific conferences) – Slovenian, Czech, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Polish, Belarusian, Kashubian, Russian, and Slavic languages in general, on the synchronic and diachronic level.
The lexica, development, dialects, phonetics, phonology, prosody, formation, verb aspects, toponyms, semantics, and the languages of individual texts and authors were studied, and reviews were also given of the development of Macedonian studies, Russian studies, and Slavic studies in general. The publication Studia linguistica polono-jugoslavica, which was published in cooperation with Poland, especially brought a large number of texts about Polish and its connections with South Slavic languages. Mainly in Radovi / Works, texts dedicated to Germanic and Romance languages were also published.
As for the languages from our area, from the medieval texts, the Charter of Ban Kulin was mainly treated, in the publication dedicated to the 800th anniversary of its issuance and in individual texts – only in recent times, with the return of linguistics, first within the framework of the Centre for Balkanological Research, but also ANUBIH in general, texts from Bosnian studies appear in the Godišnjak / Annual – specifically, Lejla Nakaš’s work on the script of inscriptions on monumental medieval tombstones “stećak”, in addition to works of Mehmed Kardaš and Erma Ramić-Kunić on the Bosnian redaction of Old Slavonic.
Only one work is devoted to Aljamiado – the work of Hanka Vajzović, while a slightly larger number of works is devoted to the history of the literary language. These works relate mainly to the history of the Serbian and Croatian or Serbo-Croatian languages, and to the history of the Bosnian language, in addition to Croatian, a considerable number of works and books dealing with the language of the Franciscans during the period of Ottoman rule (Marijan Šunjić, Nikola Lašvanin, Lovro Sitović, Filip Laštrić, Matija Divković, Ivan Bandulavić).
In contrast to the situation today, when phonetics and phonology in Bosnian Studies are not given special attention, in the pre-war period there were quite a few works published on this topic, including the book Fonološki opisi / Phonological Descriptions, derived from the work of the Commission for Linguistics on the Slavic Linguistic Atlas. Several papers are devoted to morphological issues, mainly verbs, one paper is about word formation, while syntax is more represented, mainly thanks to the work of Jovan Vuković, along with other syntacticians from our region – Milivoje Minović, Milka Ivić, Ksenija Milošević and others. Only three works deal with semantics.
Since the work of the Commission for Linguistics was mainly focused on dialectology, a large number of papers on this topic is expected, namely those dealing with the dialects of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Practically all dialectologists in one way or another came into contact with the Commission, either as permanent or occasional collaborators – among the authors, in addition to Vuković, we find Peco, Šimundić, Ćupić, Neweklowski, Šojat, Petrović, Vujičić, Ivić, Lisac and others. Dialectological work was concentrated mainly on the Slavic Linguistic Atlas, so that after the war (2010) all the material of the BH points was published in the edition Građa / Documents.
The second cornerstone of the Commission’s work was the so-called terminology – this is a specific lexic from certain areas – names of fish, dishes, plants, furniture, animals, sheep, games, bees, etc. In the beginning, the Centre for Balkanological Studies also dealt with it, so texts were published in Godišnjak/ Annual and Radovi / Works, and a special symposium Savjetovanje o terminologijama narodne materijalne i duhovne kulture / Symposium on the terminologies of national material and spiritual culture was held in 1976. This intensive work in other centres also remained without a concrete final result, ending up in some specialized dictionaries or becoming part of later contemporary dictionaries. On the other hand, and beyond this specific lexicon, attention has been paid to lexicology since the end of the seventies, and in 1988 a collection of papers from a conference dedicated to lexicology and lexicography was published – it also contains a paper on Muhamed Hevayi Uskufi (Ismet Smailović) and Bašeski’s Chronicle (Dragomir Vujičića). After the war, ANUBiH also published two dictionaries: Rječnik medicinskih naziva u bosanskome jeziku / Dictionary of Medical Names in Bosnian by Faruk Konjhodžić (1999) and Leksikon krivičnog prava Bosne i Hercegovine / Lexicon of Criminal Law of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Miodrag Simović and Dragan Jovašević (2018).
Both the Centre for Balkanological Research and the Commission for Linguistics dealt with toponomastics, which was also on the rise in the second half of the 20th century, with the exception that there was no major study, so the research was mainly limited to papers, which are not always nor published in ANUBIH publications. Only two studies were published as monographs – Hidronimi (imena voda) u lijevom slivu Drine / Hydronyms (names of water) in the left basin of the Drina by Dragomir Vujičić (1983) and Mikrotoponimija Podveležja / Microtoponymy of Podveležje by Asim Peco (1990). A smaller number of works are devoted to other titles.
Three papers are devoted to stylistics, which is to some extent expected, because stylistics was just beginning to develop in our country, but also to orthography, which is unexpected, because, for example, Jovan Vuković was a member of the Spelling Commission. Linguists at ANUBiH dealt with the norm, but this was not the orientation of the bodies from ANUBIH that dealt with linguistics, so they published papers and studies on these topics elsewhere. On the other hand, as the ANUBIH is an umbrella scientific institution, mainly of an advisory nature, there are a large number of works that talk about language and linguistics in general, mostly published in Radovi / Works and collection of papers (e.g. Zadaci naše nauke о savremenom književnom jeziku / Tasks of our contemporary literary language science, Problematika ispitivanja savremenog jezika i jezička kultura / Issues of examining contemporary language and language culture, Purizam, liberalizam ili kriterij jezičkog odabiranja / Purism, liberalism or criteria of language selection, Varijante standarnog jezika: definicija, porijeklo, tipologija i funkcija / Variants of standard language: definition, origin, typology and function, O nekim manje poznatim lingvističkim djelima i djelatnostima u prošlosti Bosne i Hercegovine / About some less known linguistic works and activities in the past of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Problemi obrade lingvističkih podataka / Problems of linguistic data processing, etc.).
4 Conclusion
From the presented information, it can be seen that the work of ANUBIH on linguistic research followed the requirements of the linguistic science of that time. The biggest contribution is in the work on the Općeslavenski lingvistički atlas / Slavic Linguistic Atlas, starting from the involment itself, through filling out the questionnaire, twice – once before and once after the war, to participation in the creation of maps and interpretation of materials. In addition to SLA, work was also activated in Evropski lingvistički atlas / European Linguistic Atlas and Općekarpatski dijalektološki atlas / Carpathian dialectological atlas, and the work on Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki kompleks / BH dialectological complex is also significant, which produced, if not final results, at least material that is still indispensable in dialectological works today.
Another great, although unfinished project, was Rječnik općeslavenskog (crkvenoslavenskog) literarnog jezika / Dictionary of the Common-Slavic (Church Slavonic) Literary Language, from which fortunately the collected material was preserved, which enabled the recent continuation of work on it. Regarding the other works, it can be said that significant attention was paid to the language of Franciscans, the main texts were examined, which represent the basis for further research into their language, as well as dialectological monographs, such as Šimundić’s Govor Imotske krajine i Bekije / Speech of Imotska krajina and Bekija or Peco’s Mikrotoponimija Podveležja / Microtoponymy of Podveležje.
The Centre for Balkanological Studies is responsible for linguistic studies of Balkan languages, and it often brought contributions on other languages, expanding the interests of ANUBIH to other Slavic and non-Slavic languages. Lately, Centre is focused on the history of languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which corresponds to its programming orientation almost from the very beginning.
Finally, the Academy did not publish any capital work in the field of linguistics, such as Dialectology, History of (literary) language, Lexicology, etc., but with its work it opened studies and provided necessary works on the basis of which the creation of such works will be much easier.
5 Izvori / Sources
Ljetopis. Sarajevo: ANUBiH, 1970–2020.
Pregled izdanja Akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine 1951–2011. CD-ROM uz publikaciju Spomenica 60 godina ANUBiH 1951–2011. Sarajevo: ANUBiH, 2011.
Balkanski jezici / Balkan languages
Barić, H. (1957) Albanisch, Romanisch und Rumänisch, Godišnjak I, Balkanološki institut 1, NDBiH, Sarajevo, 1–16.
Arbanaski jezik / Arbanasi language
Pоpоvić, I. (1954) Neki gentilni i njima srodni termini kod Crnogoraca i Arbanasa, Radovi II, Odjeljenje istorijsko-filoloških nauka 1, NDBiH, Sarajevo, 49–84.
Romski jezik / Romani language
Pudić, I. (1956) Prefiks ga- u romskom jeziku – prilog učenju o glagolskom vidu, Djela VII, Odjeljenje istorijsko-filoloških nauka 6, NDBiH, Sarajevo.
Klasični jezici / Classic languages
Čop, B. (1970) Les isoglosses italo-grecques et la préhistoire des peuples balkaniques (I), Godišnjak VII, Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja 5, ANUBiH, Sarajevo, 23–70.
Staroslavenski jezik / Old-Slavic language
Vaillant, A. (1957) Le сунклить/sunklit' des portes d’Alexandre dans la Chronique de Kiev, Godišnjak I, Balkanološki institut 1, NDBiH, Sarajevo, 29–32.
Ostali slavenski jezici / Other Slavic languages
Bezlaj, F. (1970) Slovenski jezik u luči leksikologije, Radovi XXXV, Odjeljenje društvenih nauka 12, ANUBiH, Sarajevo, 85–100.
Romanski jezici / Romanic languages
Milanković, B. (1954) О funkcijama i upotrebi francuskog i italijanskog člana (s obzirom na upotrebu u španskom), Radovi II, Odjeljenje istorijsko-filoloških nauka 1, NDBiH, Sarajevo, 85–110.
Njemački jezik / German language
Pudić, I. (1955) Zamjena slova s- njem. z-, Radovi III, Odjeljenje istorijsko-filoloških nauka 2, NDBiH, Sarajevo, 247–252.
Srednjovjekovni svjetovni jezik / Medieval secular language
Gošić, N. (1989) Kritičko izdanje Povelje bosanskog bana Kulina, u: Osamsto godina Povelje bosanskog bana Kulina 1189–1989, Posebna izdanja XC, Odjeljenje društvenih nauka 23, ANUBiH, Sarajevo, 7–23.
Historija književnog jezika / History of literary language
Vince, Z. (1961) Stav Zore dalmatinske u Zadru prema težnjama Iliraca za jedinstvenom grafijom u hrvatskoj književnosti, Radovi XVIII, Odjeljenje istorijsko-filoloških nauka 6, NDBiH, Sarajevo.
Jezik franjevaca / Franciscan's language
Pudić, I. (1960) Univerzalno fonetsko pismo Marijana Šunjića, Radovi XII, Odjeljenje istorijsko-filoloških nauka 5, NDBiH, Sarajevo, 191–221.
Fonetika i fonologija / Phonetics and phonology
Vuković, J. (1971) Glas ě (ѣ) u istorijskom razvitku i u savremenom srpskohrvatskom jeziku, Radovi XLI, Odjeljenje društvenih nauka 14, ANUBiH, Sarajevo, 89–132.
Morfologija / Morphology
Vuković, J. (1963) Sistem srpskohrvatskih vremenskih glagolskih oblika u vremenskim i funkcionalnim međuodnosima (korelacijama), Radovi XXIII, Odjeljenje istorijsko-filoloških nauka 7, NDBiH, Sarajevo, 105–148.
Sintaksa / Syntax
Vuković, J. (1954) Posebni perifrastični modalni glagolski oblici u srpskohrvatskom jeziku, Radovi II, Odjeljenje istorijsko-filoloških nauka 1, NDBiH, Sarajevo, 5–48.
Semantika / Semantics
Grickat, I. (1961) Razvoj značenja glagola imati, Radovi XVIII, Odjeljenje istorijsko-filoloških nauka 6, NDBiH, Sarajevo, 67–81.
Dijalektologija / Dialectology
Bajraktarević, D. (1961) Upotreba imperfekta prema građi novopazarsko-sjeničkih govora, Radovi XVIII, Odjeljenje istorijsko-filoloških nauka 6, NDBiH, Sarajevo, 59–65.
Onomastika / Onomastics
Barić, H. (1957) Toponomastisches, Godišnjak I, Balkanološki institut 1, NDBiH, Sarajevo, 276–278.
Leksikologija / Lexicology
Pešikan, M. (1977) Leksikalizacija množine imenica i obrada ove pojave u rječnicima, u: Đurđev, B. (ur.) Zbornik radova – povodom 70. godišnjice života akademika Jovana Vukovića, Posebna izdanja XXXVI, Odjeljenje društvenih nauka 6, ANUBiH, Sarajevo, 339–347.
Terminologija / Terminology
Vinja, V. (1957) Etymologie populaire comme déformatrice des noms grecs et latins dans la nomenclature ichtyologique de l‘Adriatique orientale, Godišnjak I, Balkanološki institut 1, NDBiH, Sarajevo, 33–54.