ADMET and DMPK, Vol. 13 No. 6, 2025.
Original scientific paper
https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.3102
TiO2-embedded molecularly imprinted polymer as electrochemical sensor for ultrasensitive determination of glycopyrronium bromide
Zehra Dogan
; Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Türkiye; Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
Ensar Piskin
orcid.org/0009-0002-0521-6831
; Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Türkiye; Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
Ahmet Cetinkaya
orcid.org/0000-0001-5014-0907
; University of Health Sciences, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Türkiye
Esen Bellur Atici
orcid.org/0000-0002-4093-441X
; Gebze Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Kocaeli, Türkiye; DEVA Holding A.S., R&D Center, Tekirdağ, Türkiye
Sibel Aysil Ozkan
orcid.org/0000-0001-7494-3077
; Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06100, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
*
* Corresponding author.
Abstract
Background and purpose: The precise quantification and quality evaluation of glycopyrronium bromide (GLB), a long-acting muscarinic antagonist widely used in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, requires the development of advanced analytical methodologies capable of achieving high sensitivity, accuracy, and selectivity to ensure therapeutic efficacy and formulation integrity. This study aims to overcome the limitations of conventional methods by developing a rapid, cost-effective method for determining GLB. Experimental approach: To achieve this, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) were initially applied onto a glassy carbon electrode surface to provide an enhanced surface area and increased conductivity. Subsequently, a TiO2 nanoparticle-supported molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film was synthesized via photopolymerization using GLB as the template molecule, 4-amminobenzoic acid (4-ABA) as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinking agent, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as the basic monomer. Key results: The optimized GLB/4-ABA@TiO2 NPs/MIP- sensor demonstrated outstanding analytical performance, achieving ultra-low picomolar detection limits. The system exhibited superior selectivity (confirmed by high imprinting factor), excellent repeatability and reproducibility, and satisfactory stability. It was successfully applied to the accurate measurement of GLB in both commercial serum and pharmaceutical formulations. Conclusion: The designed nanomaterial-embedded MIP-based electrochemical system presented here offers a highly successful, sensitive, and selective method for GLB determination. The work significantly advances knowledge in the field of analytical medicine and drug monitoring by providing a fast, robust alternative for routine clinical and quality-control tracking of GLB.
Keywords
Electrochemical detection; photopolymerization method; glassy carbon electrode; drug analysis; nanomaterial; real sample
Hrčak ID:
342106
URI
Publication date:
8.12.2025.
Visits: 411 *