Upgrading and Surface Coating of Egyptian White Sand with Polymers and Silanes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2024.1.9Keywords:
White sand, RER magnetic separation, surface modifications, polymers, silanesAbstract
Egypt is endowed with huge reserves of filler minerals, such as silica sand which form approximately 95% of the Earth's crust. The silica sand industry is used in many fields, such as pharmaceutical practices, chemicals, glass, ceramics, electronics, and photovoltaic industries. The aim of this study is to remove impurities from silica sand and apply surface modification processes to enhance its value for various industrial manufacturing applications. Various processing techniques, including classification, attrition scrubbing, magnetic separation, ultra-fine grinding and surface modification, were conducted throughout the study. The results indicated that attrition scrubbing to the classified size fraction of -0.6 + 0.1 mm was capable of reducing the iron concentration from 0.068% to 0.045%. Utilizing the Box-Behnken design, the optimal conditions for magnetic separation were identified, resulting in a decrease in iron content down to 0.012%. Simultaneously, the silica content increased from 99.05% to 99.76%. The results of ultrafine grinding using an attritor mill revealed that a grinding time of 2 hours is sufficient to reach a size suitable for the coating process. Surface modification of the produced ultrafine sand was conducted using polymers and silanes. The treated sand was characterized using SEM, zeta potential, adsorption density, and FTIR measurements. Notably, hydrophobicity increased, accompanied by an increase in particle size. Simultaneously, the surface becomes flatter, indicating the formation of a thin layer. Consequently, the coated sand proved to be a satisfactory material that met the criteria to be used as a filler in coating and paints.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 ELSAYED Hassan, Khaled Yassin, Sabreen Mourad, Mostafa Khalil, Nagui Abdel-Khalek, Abdalla Elbendari, Khaled Selim
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons-BY
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
In agreeing this form, you certify that:
- You read the ethical codex of the RGN zbornik available at journal web.
- You submitted work is your original work, and has not previously been published and does not include any form of plagiarism.
- You own copyright in the submitted work, and are therefore permitted to assign the licence to publish to RGN zbornik.
- Your submitted work contains no violation of any existing copyright or other third party right or any material of an obscene, libellous or otherwise unlawful nature.
- You have obtained permission for and acknowledged the source of any illustrations, diagrams or other material included in the work of which you are not the copyright owner.
- You have taken due care to ensure the accuracy of the work, and that, to the best of your knowledge, there are no false statements made within it.
- All co-authors of this submitted work are aware of, and in agreement with, the terms of this licence and that the submitted manuscript has been approved by these authors.
Publication licence
You retain copyright in your submitted work, according to journal license policy (CC-BY). By signing this form you agree that RGN zbornik may publish it under the publication licence. In summary the licence allows the following:
Anyone is free:
- To copy, distribute, display, and perform the work.
- To make derivative works.
Under the following conditions:
- The original author must always be given credit.
- The work may not be used for commercial purposes.
- If the work is altered, transformed, or built upon, the resulting work may only be distributed under a licence identical to this one.
Exceptions to the licence
In addition to publishing the work printed under the above licence, RGN zbornik will also enable the work to be visible online.
The journal editorial can change the licence rules anytime but it cannot retroactively restrict author(s) rights.