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https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1985577

Investigating the nexus between CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and pilgrimage tourism in Saudi Arabia

Ilhan Ozturk orcid id orcid.org/0000-0002-6521-0901
Alper Aslan
Buket Altinoz


Puni tekst: engleski pdf 1.642 Kb

str. 3083-3098

preuzimanja: 312

citiraj


Sažetak

Every year millions of Muslims go to Saudi Arabia to fulfil pilgrimage worship, thus Saudi Arabia is such a religious centre brings
with it various consequences. In this context, this paper investigates the nexus between CO2 emissions, economic growth,
energy consumption and pilgrimage tourism in Saudi Arabia for
the period of 1968–2017. The dynamic ordinary least squares
(DOLS) and fully-modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) methods are employed in this study. FMOLS results prove that energy
consumption, number of pilgrims and oil prices have a positive
effect on CO2 emissions and GDP has a negative effect on it,
while DOLS results imply that only energy consumption has a
positive effect on carbon emissions. In addition, there is unidirectional causality from CO2 to pilgrimage tourism and from pilgrimage tourism to oil, and there is bidirectional causality between
pilgrimage tourism and GDP. Therefore, the environmental cost of
pilgrimage tourism is inevitable. Reflections of pilgrimage visits to
Saudi Arabia as a belief tourism are dealt with for the first time in
this paper. In addition, our more specific purpose is to determine
the environmental impacts of Muslims performing the pilgrimage,
during their religious worship.

Ključne riječi

CO2; pilgrimage tourism; energy consumption; Saudi Arabia

Hrčak ID:

302498

URI

https://hrcak.srce.hr/302498

Datum izdavanja:

31.3.2023.

Posjeta: 393 *