Original scientific paper
https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.2720
Label-free electrochemical immunosensor for porcine gelatin using a boron-doped diamond electrode via diazonium salt electrografting
Irkham Irkham
; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
*
Fadli Taufik Abdillah
; Study Center of Sensor and Green Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Muhammad Ihda H. L. Zein
; Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
Adisyahputra Adisyahputra
; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
Nazwa Alya Zahra
; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
Salma Nur Zakiyyah
; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
Yeni Wahyuni Hartati
orcid.org/0000-0003-1463-6352
; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
*
* Corresponding author.
Abstract
Porcine gelatin is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its favorable functional properties and low cost. However, its presence in consumer products raises serious concerns for individuals with dietary restrictions based on religious, ethical, or health considerations. In this study, a label-free electrochemical immunosensor was developed using a boron-doped diamond electrode modified with aryl diazonium salt for the selective and sensitive detection of porcine gelatin. The diazonium electrografting enabled stable covalent immobilization of anti-porcine gelatin antibodies via protein A, preserving antibody orientation and activity. Experimental parameters were optimized using the Box-Behnken design, yielding ideal conditions of 500× antibody concentration, 60 min antibody incubation, and 15 min gelatin incubation. Detection was performed using differential pulse voltammetry with [Fe(CN)₆]3-/4- as a redox probe, allowing label-free monitoring of antibody-antigen interactions based on changes in current. The immunosensor demonstrated excellent analytical performance, with a detection limit of 142.15 pg mL-1. Specificity testing confirmed that the sensor responds exclusively to porcine gelatin, showing no cross-reactivity with bovine gelatin. These results demonstrate that the proposed immunosensor provides a rapid, highly sensitive, and specific platform for porcine gelatin detection, offering great potential for food authentication and halal verification.
Keywords
Modified diamond electrode; diazonium derived film; pork skin gelatin; food authentication
Hrčak ID:
333095
URI
Publication date:
9.6.2025.
Visits: 667 *