Synergistic effects of combined exposure to hydroquinone and nitrofurantoin in T24 bladder cells: an in vitro toxicology study with implications for risk assessment

Huđek Turković, Ana; Stanečić, Željka; Butorac, Ana; Kašuba, Vilena; Ćurčić, Marijana; Gagić, Antonio; Šola, Ivana; Lovrić, Marija; Rusak, Gordana; Durgo, Ksenija

doi:10.2478/aiht-2026-77-4146

Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju, Vol. 77 No. 3, 2026.

Izvorni znanstveni članak

https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2026-77-4146

Synergistic effects of combined exposure to hydroquinone and nitrofurantoin in T24 bladder cells: an in vitro toxicology study with implications for risk assessment

Ana Huđek Turković ; University of Zagreb Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
Željka Stanečić ; BICRO BIOCentre Ltd., Central Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
Ana Butorac ; BICRO BIOCentre Ltd., Central Laboratory, Zagreb, Selvita Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
Vilena Kašuba ; Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
Marijana Ćurčić ; University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatović”, Belgrade, Serbia
Antonio Gagić ; University of Zagreb Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
Ivana Šola ; University of Zagreb Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Zagreb, Croatia
Marija Lovrić ; BICRO BIOCentre Ltd., Central Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
Gordana Rusak ; University of Zagreb Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Zagreb, Croatia
Ksenija Durgo ; University of Zagreb Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia

Puni tekst: engleski pdf 1.049 Kb

str. 169-180

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APA 6th Edition

Huđek Turković, A., Stanečić, Ž., Butorac, A., Kašuba, V., Ćurčić, M., Gagić, A., ... Durgo, K. (2026). Synergistic effects of combined exposure to hydroquinone and nitrofurantoin in T24 bladder cells: an in vitro toxicology study with implications for risk assessment. Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju, 77 (3), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2026-77-4146

MLA 8th Edition

Huđek Turković, Ana, et al. "Synergistic effects of combined exposure to hydroquinone and nitrofurantoin in T24 bladder cells: an in vitro toxicology study with implications for risk assessment." Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju, vol. 77, br. 3, 2026, str. 169-180. https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2026-77-4146. Citirano 16.09.2026.

Chicago 17th Edition

Huđek Turković, Ana, Željka Stanečić, Ana Butorac, Vilena Kašuba, Marijana Ćurčić, Antonio Gagić, Ivana Šola, Marija Lovrić, Gordana Rusak i Ksenija Durgo. "Synergistic effects of combined exposure to hydroquinone and nitrofurantoin in T24 bladder cells: an in vitro toxicology study with implications for risk assessment." Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju 77, br. 3 (2026): 169-180. https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2026-77-4146

Harvard

Huđek Turković, A., et al. (2026). 'Synergistic effects of combined exposure to hydroquinone and nitrofurantoin in T24 bladder cells: an in vitro toxicology study with implications for risk assessment', Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju, 77(3), str. 169-180. https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2026-77-4146

Vancouver

Huđek Turković A, Stanečić Ž, Butorac A, Kašuba V, Ćurčić M, Gagić A i sur. Synergistic effects of combined exposure to hydroquinone and nitrofurantoin in T24 bladder cells: an in vitro toxicology study with implications for risk assessment. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. [Internet]. 2026 [pristupljeno 16.09.2026.];77(3):169-180. https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2026-77-4146

IEEE

A. Huđek Turković, et al., "Synergistic effects of combined exposure to hydroquinone and nitrofurantoin in T24 bladder cells: an in vitro toxicology study with implications for risk assessment", Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju, vol.77, br. 3, str. 169-180, 2026. [Online]. https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2026-77-4146

Sažetak

Hydroquinone, the main active component of bearberry [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.], is sometimes used together with the antibiotic nitrofurantoin to treat urinary tract infections. The aim of this in vitro study was to test the hypothesis that co-exposure to hydroquinone and nitrofurantoin would result in greater cytotoxic, oxidative, and genotoxic effects than exposure to either compound alone. To do that, we assessed single and combined toxic effects of two- and eight-hour exposure to both compounds in T24 human bladder carcinoma cells due to their stability and retention of key signalling pathways involved in oxidative stress, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were assessed with the neutral red and 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assays and genotoxicity with the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay. Proteomic changes were examined using tandem mass tag labelling followed by mass spectrometry. Combined exposure to hydroquinone and nitrofurantoin produced a synergistic increase in cytotoxic and genotoxic effects compared to single-compound treatments, including reduced nuclear division index and activation of pathways related to oxidative stress, DNA damage, and proteotoxic stress. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating interactions between plant-derived hydroquinone and nitrofurantoin in risk assessment of combined exposure during therapy.