Review article
https://doi.org/10.65243/s.9.2.1
Requirements of Modern Air Defence
Ivan Boban
orcid.org/0009-0008-3415-9817
; Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia
Abstract
Modern air defence systems are facing accelerated development of ballis- tic, hypersonic, and unmanned threats that increasingly surpass the capa- bilities of traditional defensive technologies. This paper analyses the main challenges posed to air defence by ballistic missiles and various categories of unmanned aerial vehicles. Through case studies from Ukraine, Israel, and the Gulf War, it illustrates the limited effectiveness of existing defence systems, particularly against sophisticated threats. Special attention is giv- en to the concepts of air defence saturation through drone swarms and the economic implications of such tactics. In the final section, technological solutions for future defence are presented, including a multi-layered or- bital sensor architecture, directed energy weapons, and electronic warfare systems. The paper concludes that the future effectiveness of air defence will depend on the ability to integrate various technologies into flexible and economically sustainable defence systems.
Keywords
air defence, ballistic missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, hypersonic weapons
Hrčak ID:
342327
URI
Publication date:
1.12.2025.
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