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Psychiatria Danubina, Vol. 38 No. 2, 2026.

Original scientific paper

https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2026.159

Age and generational (X, Y, Z) differences in mental resilience

Stanislava Stoyanova ; Department of Psychology, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria *
Nikolay Ivantchev ; Department of Psychology, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
Silviya Miteva ; Department of Medical and Social Sciences, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
Maria Damyanova-Andreeva ; Department of Psychology, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria

* Corresponding author.

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Abstract

Background: This study was conducted within the framework of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems theory and Erikson’s Psychosocial theory. The study of age and generational differences in mental resilience could reveal which age groups are more vulnerable to stress. Generational differences in mental resilience are expected because of maturation in human development and accumulation of social experience.

Methods: The participants were representatives of three generations – Generation Z, Generation Y, and Generation X. From 616 to 1053 participants were studied in Bulgaria with each of five scales measuring mental resilience.

Results: Generation Z had higher mental resilience as adaptability to changes, and recovery from illness or difficulties. Generation Y had higher mental resilience as perceived control, secure attachment and positive relationships, personal competence, optimism, tolerance of negative affects and overcoming them. Generation X had higher mental resilience as successfully coping with problems and difficult situations and quickly learning rules and norms.

Conclusions: These findings reveal the vulnerabilities and strengths of each generation related to the available resources for mental resilience, which are important for maintaining good health and optimal functioning.

Keywords

age; generation X; generation Y; generation Z; mental resilience

Hrčak ID:

350269

URI

https://hrcak.srce.hr/350269

Publication date:

15.7.2026.

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