Review article

https://doi.org/10.37458/ssj.6.2.3

WEAPONIZING CYBERSPACE: THE RUSSIA-UKRAINIAN WAR

Eleni Kapsokoli ; Department of International and European Studies of the University of Piraeus, Athens, Greece

Abstract

In recent years, cyberspace has emerged as a critical fifth operational domain, where state and non-state actors engage in complex confrontations. Malicious cyber activities frequently target military assets, critical infrastructure, the private sector, citizens, and essential national services, resulting in significant political, social, and economic repercussions. This paper examines the strategic significance of cyberspace in the Russia-Ukrainian war, framing it as a new battlefield in modern warfare. This war exemplifies how activities like cyber-espionage, cyberattacks, hacking, disinformation campaigns, and cyber-surveillance are conducted to achieve military and geopolitical outcomes. The paper examines the frequency, complexity, and impact of these cyber activities during the conflict. Russia has employed state-directed and state-sponsored cyber activities, focusing on espionage, infrastructure disruption, and information manipulation, though often hampered by limited coordination with kinetic operations. Ukraine’s resilient responses, including external support from the private sector, foreign governments, and individual hackers, alongside the formation of a ‘cyber-army’, serve as case studies of resilience to this evolving form of warfare. Lastly, the paper identifies key lessons on the role of cyberspace and information and communication technologies (ICTs) in modern conflicts and highlights the importance of developing resilient strategies.

Keywords

Russia-Ukrainian war; cyberspace; cyberattacks; hacking; cyber activities; cyber-army; artificial intelligence

Hrčak ID:

350286

URI

https://hrcak.srce.hr/350286

Publication date:

29.12.2025.

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