Original scientific paper

https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20251015003068

Adaptive PoA-DAG Consensus Mechanism for Scalable and Energy-Efficient IoT Blockchain Networks

S. Deepika ; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, India *
Mohanbabu G. ; Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, J.N.N Institute of Engineering, Chennai, India

* Corresponding author.

Abstract

Integrating Internet of Things (IoT) systems with block chain technologies creates distributed trust and improves security and data integrity. Though block chain enhances the security level, there are some constraints related to energy efficiency, latency and the scalability. Our work proposes an Adaptive Proof-of-Authority Directed Acyclic Graph Consensus Mechanism (APDCM) that combines the Proof of Authority (PoA) and Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) based transaction propagation. APDCM uses dynamic validator rotation where nodes are changed dynamically. The framework is implemented on Ethereum Sepolia and Hyperledger Fabric and evaluated on real IoT hardware platforms, including Raspberry Pi 4B, ESP32, and ESP8266. Experimental results demonstrate throughput up to 920 TPS, a 57.7% reduction in block finality time compared to PoA, and energy savings of up to 18% over non-adaptive PoA, 40% over PoS, and 3.3× over PoW. Security is ensured using optimized cryptographic primitives (AES-256, RSA-2048, SHA-256), smart-contract-based identity management, and resilience against DoS attacks. The results establish APDCM as a scalable, energy-efficient, and secure consensus protocol suitable for IoT environments.

Keywords

blockchain; consensus mechanism; cryptography; DoS protection; IoT security; PoA-DAG

Hrčak ID:

350413

URI

https://hrcak.srce.hr/350413

Publication date:

31.8.2026.

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