Review article
https://doi.org/10.21278/brod77410
Wind-assisted ship propulsion efficiency prediction: a review of simulation models and decision-support frameworks
Luiz Felipe Carvalho
; Department of Naval and Oceanic Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-611, Brazil
María José Legaz
; Department of Applied Physics and Naval Technology, Technical University of Cartagena (UPCT), 30203, Cartagena, Spain
Daniela Morocho Lindao
; Department of Naval and Oceanic Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-611, Brazil
Crístofer Hood Marques
; College of Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil
Jean-David Caprace
; Department of Naval and Oceanic Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-611, Brazil
*
* Corresponding author.
Abstract
Wind-assisted ship propulsion (WASP) technologies are increasingly considered a viable option for reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in maritime transport. Reliable prediction of their performance is essential for supporting design, retrofitting, and operational decisions, yet existing simulation approaches remain fragmented in terms of assumptions, fidelity, validation practices, and practical applicability. This paper presents a comprehensive review of simulation models used to predict the efficiency of WASP systems, including Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), empirical and hybrid formulations, experimental validation methods, and Velocity Prediction Programs (VPPs). Beyond the literature review, this work contributes three original elements. First, it proposes a conceptual taxonomy that classifies WASP simulation models according to model fidelity, operational applicability, and level of technological integration. Second, it introduces a structured and weighted decision-support framework to guide model selection across different project phases and data availability levels. Third, it identifies key research gaps related to validation, hull–sail interaction modeling, and operational integration, and outlines directions for future developments. By linking detailed simulation methods with practical engineering requirements, this review provides researchers and practitioners with a clear framework for selecting and applying WASP simulation tools, supporting more robust efficiency predictions and facilitating the effective deployment of wind-assisted propulsion in commercial shipping.
Keywords
Wind-assisted; ship propulsion; simulation models; efficiency prediction; sustainable shipping; maritime technology
Hrčak ID:
351214
URI
Publication date:
1.10.2026.
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