Review article

Influenza Viruses – a Challenge for the Immune System

Alemka Markotić ; Klinika za infektivne bolesti ''Dr. Fran Mihaljević''

Abstract

Influenza viruses are a constant challenge for our immune system. They multiply in epithelial cells of the respiratory system causing cell death and thereby reduce the effectiveness of the cilia and allow further colonization of other pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae). Toll-like receptors (TLR), as a key component of innate immunity, are important links in the immune reactions to the influenza virus. TLR7 is an important endosomal receptor for influenza virus ssRNA. This is followed by signaling mechanisms that lead to the activation of transcription factors and the production of interferon type I. The cell-mediated immune reactions are important in defence against influenza viruses. Dendritic cells also play an important role, while antibodies are less important in acute infection. Severe infections by influenza viruses (H1N1, H5N1) represent a special challenge for the immune system due to a significant increase in gene expression of inflammatory response (cytokines and chemokines), additional genes associated with the activation of immune cells including TH1 cells, NK cells, macrophages and neutrophils, and a significant activation of gene receptors associated with cell death.

Keywords

influenza virus; immune reactions; H1N1; H5N1; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Hrčak ID:

76430

URI

https://hrcak.srce.hr/76430

Publication date:

3.1.2011.

Article data in other languages: croatian

Visits: 2.515 *