Original scientific paper
Smoking Habits According to Metabolic Traits in an Island Population of the Eastern Adriatic Coast
Saša Missoni
; Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
Zijad Durakovic
; Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
Rashmi Sahay
; University of Cincinnati, Center for Genome Information, Department of Environmental Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Branka Salzer
; Labor Center, Zagreb, Croatia
Ranjan Deka
; University of Cincinnati, Center for Genome Information, Department of Environmental Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Abstract
The study deals with the connection between metabolic syndrome (MS) and smoking habits of 1602 males and 828 females
aged 18–97 years from the island of Hvar, Croatia. The age-adjusted prevalence of MS was higher in males (18.1–
31.2%) than females (9.7–24.2%) by all five criteria that were defined, except the one by AHA/NHLBI. The overall prevalence
of MS reached 12.9% by WHO using body mass index (BMI), 13.1% by EGIR, 14.5% by WHO using waist to hip ratio
(WHR), 18.2% by NCEP/ATP III, 18.9% by AHA/NHLBI, and 26.7% by IDF criteria. The prevalence of smoking habits
was similar inmales (24.7%) and females (23.8%). The frequency ofmild,moderate and heavy smoking was higher in
males than females, 35.8:26.6%, 31.0:27.0%, and 35.9:7.7%, respectively. Age and sex had significant influence on BMI
and WHR, both being highest in male former smokers (28.15 kg/m2 and 0.973, respectively) and in female non-smokers
(27.18 kg/m2 and 0.869, respectively). The appearance of arterial hypertension (HTN) differed according to frequency of
smoking; males had higher prevalence than females using WHO and EGIR criteria of blood pressure ³140/90 mmHg,
even after age adjustment. In males and females respectively, systolic HTN in non-smokers was 20.7:15.1%, in former
smokers 17.9:15.2% and in current smokers 16.9:13.0%; diastolic HTN in non-smokers was 19.8:12.7%, in former smokers
22.4:10.5%, and in current smokers 11.3:9.1%. By NCEP, AHA, IDF criteria of blood pressure ³130/85 mmHg, arterial
HTN was also more prevalent in males than females; systolic HTN in non-smokers being 31.4:19.8%, in former smokers
29.9:12.7%, and in current smokers 25.4:11.1%; and diastolic HTN in non-smokers was 20.5:11.5%, in former smokers
24.8:11.3%, and in current smokers 14.7:9.4%. According to AHA/NHLBI and IDF criteria of high plasma glucose as
³5.6 mmoL/L, both males and females in all the three categories of smokers had glucose levels above the normal range
(5.80–6.31mmol/L in males and 5.80–5.91 mmol/L in females), except female current smokers (5.51 mmol/L). By WHO,
EGIR and NCEP/ATP III criteria of high plasma glucose as ³6.1 mmmol/L, only male non-smokers (6.31 mmol/L) and
former smokers (6.24 mmol/L) had elevated levels. Considering normal HDL-cholesterol as >1.0 mmol/L in males and
>1.2 mmol/L in females, both males and females in all the three smoker’s categories had HDL within normal range; females
having higher HDL levels (1.52 mmol/L) than males (1.30 mmol/L). Considering normal value for triglycerides as
<1.7 mmol/L, male former smokers (1.76 mmol/L) and current smokers (1.81 mmol/L) had higher levels; and as a whole
group triglycerides were higher in males than females, 1.66:1.37 mmol/L respectively. The prevalence of MS differed between
males and females using various MS criteria. Both males and females had the highest prevalence of MS by IDF
criteria; male former smokers 60.5%, female non-smokers 51.4%, male non-smokers 53.8%, female former smokers
38.2%, and lowest in both male and female current smokers 39.8 and 33.0% respectively. In males, the lowest prevalence
of MS was observed in non-smokers by AHA criteria (30.5%), in former smokers by WHO criteria (35.7%), and in current
smokers using EGIR criteria (18.1%). Females in all the three smoker’s categories had the lowest prevalence of MS using
EGIR and WHO criteria. MS were less prevalent in current smokers than in non-smokers and former smokers.
Keywords
smoking habit; BMI; WHR; glycaemia; cholesterol; triglycerides; blood pressure; metabolic traits
Hrčak ID:
118199
URI
Publication date:
30.9.2013.
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