Veterinarska stanica, Vol. 48 No. 4, 2017.
Review article
Neuro-hormonal regulation of stress response and its impact on immunity of domestic animals
Romana Turk
; Veterinarski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Hrvatska
Ivana Jukić
; Hrvatska
Marko Samardžija
; Veterinarski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Hrvatska
Mirna Robić
; Veterinarski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Hrvatska
Maja Belić
; Veterinarski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Hrvatska
Abstract
Stress is a non-specific response of the body to a stressor that is perceived as a threat to homeostasis. Each stressor causes stress and a specific action. Manifestation of the disease dependsonthespecificactionofthestressor, and specific internal (age, gender, breed, genetic inheritance) and external (nutrition, housing conditions, etc.) factors. There are two types of stress, positive (eustress) and negative stress (distress). The stress response is a useful physiological response and consists of three phases: alarm reaction, resistance phase and exhaustion phase. It is a combination of behavioral responses, responses of the autonomic nervous system, and neuroendocrine and immune response. The final result of stress response can be the reestablishment of homeostasis or the development of pathological conditions. The main roles in the regulation of stress response are played by the adrenal hormones
and the sympathetic nervous system. Stress can suppress, potentiate or have no effect on the immune system, depending on the type of stressor (mental, physical, etc.), genetic properties of the individual, age, social hierarchy and whether the effects are acute or chronic. Acute stress enhances cellular immunity while chronic stress enhances humural immunity suppressing cellular immunity and increasing susceptibility to infection. If stress is prolonged, the immune system is suppressed through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal gland axis. The influence of genetic heritage as an intrinsic factor is used to reduce the sensitivity of animals to stress in order to support growth and reproductive capability and to reduce the incidence of disease.
Keywords
stress; stress response; adrenal glands; immunity; selective breeding
Hrčak ID:
222633
URI
Publication date:
26.7.2017.
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