Introduction
The cell-in-cell phenomenon is known as the internalization of cells by non-phagocytic cells such as epithelial or mesenchymal cells, these structures are commonly observed in benign or malignant conditions (nurse cells in thymus, Rosai-Dorfman syndrome, urothelial and renal cancer, etc.) (1,2). There are several variants of this phenomenon: i) Cannibalism - associated to the internalization of neoplastic cells by other neoplastic cell, ii) Entosis - internalization of one cell by a neighbouring cell (it can be benign or malignant), iii) Emperipolesis - the cells of the immune system are found within neoplastic or benign cells, and, iv) Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by non-phagocytic cells - similar to efferocytosis (phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages) (3-5).
In recent years, the internalization of apoptotic cells by non-phagocytic cells has gained relevance because it can be observed in benign conditions or in non-neoplastic pathological processes (5,6). It is considered as a physiological mechanism for the elimination of apoptotic or necrotic cells and is carried out by various types of epithelial cells, among them; renal tubular epithelial cells and urothelial cells (6,7). This phenomenon has been evaluated using in vitro and in vivo models, by using tissue sections of kidney (6,8). The main objective of this case report is to present a rare cell-in-cell phenomenon found in fresh urine sediment preparation.
Case description
A 90-year-old male patient was admitted to the emergency department of the San Juan clinic in Iguala de la Independencia, Guerrero, Mexico. He was unconscious, with visible signs included dry mucous membranes and pale skin. His family reported a low fluid intake, and a presumptive diagnosis of dehydration was made. Upon admission, the patient’s vital signs were taken; blood pressure of 110/70 mmHg, heart rate of 75 beats per minute, temperature of 36 ˚C and oxygen saturation (SPO2) of 96%. Laboratory studies showed a slight picture of anaemia; haemoglobin 130 g/L (reference interval (RI) 135–175), erythrocyte count 4.7 x1012/L (RI 4.5–5.8), haematocrit 0.37 L/L (RI 0.42–0.52). Leukocyte count was 6.5 x109/L (RI 4.5–11.0) and platelets 362 x109/L (RI 150–450). The blood chemistry showed the following results: glucose 7.8 mmol/L (RI 3.9–6.1), urea 6.4 mmol/L (RI 2.5–6.5), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 6.6 mmol/L (RI 2.5–7.1), creatinine 104 µmol/L (RI 53–106). Urinalysis was performed manually using Multistix 10 SG test strips (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) and the sample was centrifuged at 450xg for 5 minutes, presenting the following results: relative density 1.025, pH 6.0, leukocyte esterase 2+ (approximately 125 leukocytes/µL) and protein 1+ (approximately 30 g/L). In the microscopic examination, moderate amount of urothelial and renal tubular epithelial cells (5–15 cells per high power field) were observed, and leukocytes > 100/high power field and bacteriuria were found. During the microscopic detailed review of the preparation, aqueous solution of toluidine blue (Tecnica Quimica, Mexico City, Mexico) at 1% was used as a contrast dye and the analyst noticed the presence of urothelial cells and leukocytes internalized in urothelial cells, for which a cell-in-cell phenomenon was suspected (Figure 1). To investigate if phagocytosis was carried out by macrophages, an anti-CD68 immunocytochemistry (glycoprotein expressed in the plasma membrane of macrophages) was performed. Mouse Anti-CD68 clone KP-1 (BIO SB, Santa Barbara, USA) was used as primary antibody, an anti-mouse IgG coupled to Alkaline Phosphatase (BIO SB, Santa Barbara, USA) was used as secondary antibody and Alk Magenta was used as chromogen. The immunostaining was negative (Figure 2), which correlates with a phagocytosis event performed by “non-professional phagocytic cells” associated with an inflammatory process of the urinary tract.
Discussion
In this clinical case, it was observed evidence of cell-in-cell phenomenon in the urine sediment. To confirm that this phenomenon was not carried out by macrophages eliminating apoptotic cells, an immunocytochemistry against CD68 was performed and the result of this test was negative. For a long time, it was considered that the elimination of epithelial cells (from the kidneys and urothelium for example) and leukocytes in apoptosis, was carried out by macrophages. However, new evidence establishes that epithelial cells (e.g. renal tubular cell lines) play an important role in complementing the activity of macrophages by eliminating this type of cells (6).
In the literature, there is only one article that addresses this issue in urinary cytology, which establishes that cell phagocytosis is not an exclusive event of neoplastic processes, but is also observed in glomerular diseases. However, the authors could not explain its origin (9). This article is the first report of cell-in-cell phenomenon in urine cytology associated to non-malignant pathological processes. According to our findings, the cell-in-cell phenomenon described in this case provides evidence of phagocytosis performed by non-professional cells. Ichimura et al., observed that after kidney injury, survival renal tubular epithelial cells internalized the apoptotic bodies of remaining injured cells using in vitro (cell culture) and in vivo models (ischemia reperfusion injury in rat kidney) (8). Seeberg et al., studied five cell lines derived from kidney cells, and observed phagocytosis of dying cells (6). In a mouse model with urinary tract infection, Mintz et al., described the presence of neutrophils within urothelial cells. Using an in vitro model, the same authors evaluated the internalization of neutrophils by bladder epithelial cells and similar results were observed (7). They concluded that this is a neutrophil elimination mechanism that contributes to the resolution of inflammation in which urothelial cells could play an important role (7). Accumulated evidence indicates that various epithelial cells including urothelial and renal tubular cells participate in the elimination of apoptotic cells (renal tubular cells, urothelial cells and leukocytes), which could explain the cell-in-cell phenomenon observed in this clinical case. The presence of these structures has not been described in urinary sediment because urine samples with inflammatory conditions such as urinary tract infection (UTI) contain a large number of cells that can obstruct visualization, and once the inflammation is eliminated, the structures are no more observed. They can appear during these transitory processes and their observation will depend on the experience of the analyst and the time in which the sample was collected. In conclusion, the observed cell-in-cell phenomenon observed in urinary sediment during the inflammatory processes could be non-professional phagocytosis by epithelial cells (in both, urothelial and renal tubular cells). Therefore, they do not indicate or predict neoplasia since it is a physiological event for the elimination of dying cells.