Original scientific paper
https://doi.org/10.55552/crojfe.2022.1188
Determining Bulk Factors for Three Subsoils Used in Forest Engineering in Slovenia
Jan Mihelič
orcid.org/0000-0001-6205-2330
; Slovenian State Forests Ltd. Rozžna ulica 39 1330, Kočevje SLOVENIA
Robert Robek
; Slovenian State Forests Ltd. Rozžna ulica 39 1330, Kočevje SLOVENIA
Milan Kobal
; University of Ljubljana Biotehnical Faculty Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources Večna pot 83 1000, Ljubljana SLOVENIA
Abstract
In Slovenia, torrent areas and forest roads are being regulated and built mostly in steep,
erosion-prone areas. In addition to the geometry of extrapolated works, calculating bulk factors
is key for estimating haulage masses. We have determined bulk factors for compact carbonate
rock, mixed soil, and carbonate deposits. Each construction site was recorded with an unmanned
aerial vehicle (UAV) before the excavation and after every 4±2 m3 of excavated material.
The average point cloud density was 9535 points/m2. We processed the point clouds from
each construction site and determined the difference in volume between the volume of excavated
area and the volume of deposited material. The average bulk factor for compact carbonate
rock is 1.42, 1.20 for mixed soil and 1.15 for carbonate deposits (calculated for fully loaded
eight-wheeled truck). The calculated bulk factors for soils and carbonate deposits match with
the already established values, while the factor for compact rock is 20% lower than the factor
currently in use by the Slovenian forest engineers.
Keywords
excavation, embankment, photogrammetry, dense point cloud, UAV, volume calculations
Hrčak ID:
290852
URI
Publication date:
30.6.2022.
Visits: 472 *