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New Cartographic Terms

Nedjeljko Frančula ; Geodetski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Kačićeva 26, Zagreb
Miljenko Lapaine ; Geodetski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Kačićeva 26, Zagreb


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Abstract

In 2020, the Cartographic Dictionary with slightly more than 2,500 terms was published by the Croatian Cartographic Society and Dominović Publisher (
Frančula et al. 2020). Here we publish the terms that appeared in professional literature after the publication of the Cartographic Di­cti­ona­ry, as well as the terms that we failed to include in the dictionary.
All terms are arranged alphabetically. When a name consists of two or more words, the first is always a noun. For example, approximately equivalent projection is in­clu­ded in the dictionary as projection, approximately equivalent. A comma means that the usual word order is reversed. Names in foreign languages are entered in the dictionary in the same way.

Keywords

cartography; terminology

Hrčak ID:

280842

URI

https://hrcak.srce.hr/280842

Publication date:

21.6.2022.

Article data in other languages: croatian

Visits: 869 *




References / Literatura

 

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Lutz C, Hoffmann C P, Ranzini G (2020) Data capitalism and the user: An exploration of privacy cynicism in Germany. New Media and Society, 22, 5, 1168- 1187.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1461444820912544 ( 18.10.2020 )

 

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New Cartographic Terms

In 2020, the Cartographic Dictionary with slightly more than 2,500 terms was published by the Croatian Cartographic Society and Dominović Publisher (Frančula et al. 2020). Here we publish the terms that appeared in professional literature after the publication of the Cartographic Dictionary, as well as the terms that we failed to include in the dictionary.

All terms are arranged alphabetically. When a name consists of two or more words, the first is always a noun. For example, approximately equivalent projection is included in the dictionary as projection, approximately equivalent. A comma means that the usual word order is reversed. Names in foreign languages are entered in the dictionary in the same way.

A synonym of the term in English is marked with also. Preference is given to the first listed name. If there are synonyms in a foreign language, they are separated by a semicolon (;).

See refers to the names that served in the definition of a certain term or are closely related to it. If that term is included in the Cartographic Dictionary, we have not listed it here.

Some additional information is given in a Remark.

algebra, map

algebra in the geoinformation system (GIS) which, when applied, creates a new raster layer from two or more raster layers of similar dimensions with the help of mathematical and logical operators and some additional functions

Remark: It was proposed by the American scientist Dana Tomlin in the early 1980s.

Cro. algebra, kartografska; algebra karte

automata, cellular

Also: CA

models of physical systems in which space and time are discretized quantities, and interactions are locally limited

Remark: They consist of a regular n-dimensional network of cells, where each cell can be in one of a finite number of possible states, and the state of an individual cell changes in discrete intervals depending on the state of neighboring cells. Many processes in nature take place according to local and homogeneous rules, which makes them suitable for modeling and simulation using cellular automata.

Cro. automati, stanični; automati, ćelijski

BIM

abbreviation of Building Information Modeling which is modeling in construction, during which an information model of a building is created

Remark: The emphasis is on the cooperation of all participants in the design and construction.

Bing Maps

Microsoft's global mapping service as part of the Bing search engine range

Remark: Launched in 2005 under the name MSN Virtual Earth; since 2009 it has been called Bing Maps.

See: service, global cartographic

blockchain

data storage information system which consists of blocks, i.e. smaller bases, digitally connected to each other

Remark: Their purpose is to make it difficult or impossible to change, hack or cheat blocks.

Cro. blokovi, ulančani

cadastre, infrastructure

cadastre of pipelines and associated facilities of electric power, electronic communication, hot water, gas, oil, water and drainage infrastructure

See: cadastre

Fr. cadastre des infrastructures

Nj. Infrastrukturkataster

Cro. katastar infrastrukture

car, self-driving

See: vehicle, autonomous

cartography, cinematic

branch of cartography that deals with the study of the relationship between film and cartography

Cro. kartografija, filmska

cartography, vivid

branch of cartography that deals with connecting maps with emotions

Cro. kartografija, živopisna

citizenship, digital

the ability to participate in digital society

Cro. građanstvo, digitalno

city, smart

a city where communication technology and network connection of devices strives to better meet the needs of citizens and improve the efficiency of city services

See: Internet of Things

Cro. grad, pametni

computing, cloud

a service that offers large amounts of disk space, processing power and working memory when and as much as needed

Remark: It is a service where we are not the owners of the computer infrastructure nor are we responsible for its maintenance, but we pay for the amount of resources we need at a certain time

Fr. l'informatique en nuage

Cro. računalstvo u oblaku

EPSG

short for European Petroleum Survey Group, which is the European group for oil research

Remark: In 2005, this group joined The International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP).

See: EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset

EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset

a dataset of selected coordinate reference systems and coordinate transformations maintained by the Geodesy Subcommittee of The International Association of Oil and Gas Producers Committee on Geomatics.

See: EPSG

Cro. skup geodetskih parametara EPSG

Google Earth Engine

cloud computing platform for processing satellite images, other geospatial data and data obtained from observations

Remark: It provides access to a large database of satellite images and the computing power needed to analyze these images.

See: platform; computing, cloud

Internet of Things

Also: IoT

connecting any device that can be assigned an IP address to the Internet in order to monitor the operation of that device, enable its connection to other devices, which would enable the provision of advanced services

Remark: These devices are, for example, a smartphone, a washing machine, an oven, a refrigerator, a lamp, etc.

Fr. Internet des objets

Nj. Internet der Dinge; IdD

Cro. povezivanje uređaja, mrežno

learning, deep

a machine learning method based on algorithms for learning a higher level of representation for the purpose of modeling complex relationships between data

See: learning, machine

Cro. učenje, duboko

level of detail

Also: LoD

degree of abstraction of objects in computer 3D graphics

Remark: The level of detail, from smallest to largest, is indicated by: LoD0, LoD1, LoD2 and LoD3. It is especially important in 3D modeling of cities.

Cro. razina detalja

map, higly automated driving

Also: map, high definition; map, HD; map, HAD

a very precise digital replica of the environment in which the vehicle moves

Remark: The precision is of the order of a millimeter. It enables the computers in the vehicle to analyze the environment in real time and communicate with it, thus providing vehicles with all the necessary information for safe and efficient road navigation.

See: vehicle, autonomous

Cro. karta za autonomno vozilo

map, Kohonen

a map that uses neural networks to classify and illustrate associations in complex data sets and discover multidimensional patterns

Remark: It was named after the Finnish engineer Teuve Kohonen.

See: network, neural

Cro. karta, Kohonenova

map, story

Also: map, storytelling

map created in combination with multimedia tools and a narrative text

Remark: it supports storytelling in a compelling and immediate way

Cro. karta, pripovjedna

map, viral

a map that achieved rapid popularity on social networks

See: network, social

Cro. karta, viralna

mapping, humanitarian

collaborative mapping in support of timely and effective search and rescue operations during and immediately after natural disasters

Remark: The most famous example of humanitarian mapping is the work of the Humanitarian OSM Team (HOT).

See: mapping, collaborative; OpenStreetMap

Cro. kartografiranje, humanitarno

NASA World Wind

an open-source virtual globe of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration – NASA

See: globe, virtual

network, artificial neural

See: network, neural

network, neural

Also: network, artificial neural

a type of artificial intelligence that tries to mimic the way the human brain works

See: intelligence, artificial

Cro. mreža, neuronska

platform, computing

Also: platform, digital

the environment in which software is executed

Remark: It can be hardware or an operating system (OS), even a web browser and associated application programming interfaces or other underlying software, as long as it executes program code.

Fr. plate-forme (informatique)

Cro. platforma, računalna; platforma, digitalna

platform, digital

See: platform, computing

projection, approximately conformal

map projection obtained by including ellipsoidal coordinates φ and λ in conformal projection formulas for mapping the sphere

Remark: The result is an approximately conformal projection of the ellipsoid in which the maximum distortions of the angles are not greater than approximately 23'.

See: projection, conformal; projection, web-Mercator

Cro. projekcija, približno konformna

projection, approximately equal-area

map projection obtained by including ellipsoidal coordinates φ and λ in equal-area projection formulas for mapping the sphere

Remark: The result is an approximately equal-area projection of an ellipsoid in which the maximum distortions of the area are not greater than approximately 0.7%.

See: projection, equal-area

Cro. projekcija, približno ekvivalentna

projection, approximately equdistant

map projection obtained by including ellipsoidal coordinates φ and λ in equidistant projection formulas for mapping the sphere

Remark: The result is an approximately equidistant projection of the ellipsoid in which the local linear scale factor will differ by less than 0.4% from unity in the direction of the equidistant line.

See: projection, equidistant

Cro. projekcija, približno ekvidistantna

projection, on the fly

procedure by which, in GIS, data that is not in the same coordinate system as the map being created is mapped into the map projection

Cro. projekcija u letu

reality, cross

See: reality, extended

Cro. stvarnost, ukrižena

reality, extended

Also: XR

virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality

See: reality, virtual; reality, extended; reality, mixed

Cro. stvarnost, produžena; stvarnost, ukrižena

reality, mixed

a fusion of the real and virtual world where physical and digital objects coexist and interact in real time

Fr. réalité mixte

Nj. Realität, vermischte; Realität, gemischte

Cro. stvarnost, mješovita

science, geospatial

the science that deals with the application of information technology to understand people, places and processes on Earth

Cro. znanost, geoprostorna

twin, digital

an object or process from the real world in the digital world

See: world, digital

Nj. Zwilling, digitaler

Cro. blizanac, digitalni; dvojnik, digitalni

vehicle, autonomous

Also: car, self-driving

a vehicle that recognizes its surroundings and moves independently or with a little help from the driver

Remark: It uses sensors for recognizing the environment: radars, lidars, sonars, GPS and inertial measurement units.

Fr. voiture autonome; véhicule autonome

Nj. Kraftfahrzeug, selbstfahrendes; Landfahrzeug, autonomes

Cro. vozilo, autonomno; vozilo bez vozača

world, digital

the totality of all phenomena that can be described by digital signals or can be influenced by them

Nj. Welt, digitale

Cro. svijet, digitalni




New Cartographic Terms

U izdanju Hrvatskog kartografskog društva i Naklade Dominović objavljen je 2020. godine Kartografski rječnik s nešto više od 2500 naziva (Frančula i dr. 2020). Ovdje objavljujemo nazive koji su se u stručnoj literaturi pojavili nakon objave Kartografskog rječnika, ali i nazive koje smo propustili uvrstiti u rječnik.

Svi nazivi poredani su po abecedi. Kada se naziv sastoji od dviju ili više riječi, prva je uvijek imenica. Na primjer približno ekvivalentna projekcija uvrštena je u rječnik kao projekcija, približno ekvialentna. Zarez znači da je uobičajeni redoslijed riječi obrnut. Na isti način upisani su u rječnik i nazivi na stranim jezicima.

Sinonim nazivu u hrvatskom jeziku označen je s također. Prednost se daje prvom navedenom nazivu. Ako u stranom jeziku postoje sinonimi, odvojeni su točkom sa zarezom (;).

S vidi upućuje se na nazive koji su poslužili u definiciji određenog naziva ili su u uskoj vezi s njim. Ako je taj naziv uvršten u Kartografski rječnik, nismo ga ovdje navodili.

U napomeni dane su neke dodatne informacije.

algebra karte

Vidi: algebra, kartografska

algebra, kartografska

Također: algebra karte

algebra u geoinformacijskom sustavu (GIS) čijom se primjenom iz dvaju ili više rasterskih slojeva sličnih dimenzija stvori novi rasterski sloj s pomoću matematičkih i logičkih operatora te nekih dodatnih funkcija

Napomena: Početkom 1980-ih predložio ju je američki znanstvenik Dana Tomlin.

En. algebra, map

automati, ćelijski

Vidi: automati, stanični

automati, stanični

Također: automati, ćelijski

modeli fizičkih sustava u kojima su diskretizirane veličine prostor i vrijeme, a interakcije su lokalno ograničene

Napomena: Sastoje se od pravilne n-dimenzionalne mreže stanica pri čemu svaka stanica može biti u jednom od konačnog broja mogućih stanja, a stanje pojedine stanice se mijenja u diskretnim intervalima ovisno o stanju susjednih stanica. Mnogi procesi u prirodi odvijaju se po lokalnim i homogenim pravilima, što ih čini pogodnim za modeliranje i simuliranje pomoću staničnih automata.

En. automata, cellular; CA

BIM

kratica od Building Information Modeling

modeliranje u graditeljstvu pri kojem nastaje informacijski model građevine

Napomena: Naglasak je na suradnji svih sudionika u projektiranju i gradnji.

Bing Maps

Microsoftova globalna kartografska usluga kao dio palete pretraživača Bing

Napomena: Pokrenuta 2005. pod nazivom MSN Virtual Earth, a od 2009. nosi ime Bing Maps.

Vidi: usluga, globalna kartografska

blizanac, digitalni

Također: dvojnik, digitalni

objekt ili proces iz stvarnog svijeta u digitalnom svijetu

Vidi: svijet, digitalni

En. twin, digital

Nj. Zwilling, digitaler

blokovi, ulančani

informacijski sustav pohrane podataka, koji čine blokovi, tj. manje baze, međusobno digitalno povezane

Napomena: Svrha im je otežati ili onemogućiti promjenu, hakiranje ili varanje blokova.

En. blockchain

dvojnik, digitalni

Vidi: blizanac, digitalni

EPSG

kratica od European Petroleum Survey Group, što je Europska grupa za istraživanje nafte

Napomena: Godine 2005. ta je grupa ušla u sastav The International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP).

Vidi: skup geodetskih parametara EPSG

Google Earth Engine

platforma računalstva u oblaku za obradu satelitskih slika, ostalih geoprostornih podataka i podataka dobivenih opažanjima

Napomena: Pruža pristup velikoj bazi podataka satelitskih slika i računalnoj snazi potrebnoj za analizu tih slika.

Vidi: platforma; računalstvo u oblaku

grad, pametni

grad u kojem se komunikacijskom tehnologijom i mrežnim povezivanjem uređaja, nastoji bolje zadovoljiti potrebe građana i unaprijediti učinkovitost gradskih usluga

Vidi: povezivanje uređaja, mrežno

En. city, smart

građanstvo, digitalno

sposobnost sudjelovanja u digitalnom društvu

En. citizenship, digital

internet stvari

Vidi: povezivanje uređaja, mrežno

karta, Kohonenova

karta koja se koristi neuronskim mrežama za klasifikaciju i ilustraciju asocijacija u složenim skupovima podataka i otkrivanje višedimenzionalnih uzoraka

Napomena: Ime je dobila po finskom inženjeru Teuveu Kohonenu.

Vidi: mreža, neuronska

En. map, Kohonen

karta, pripovjedna

karta izrađena u kombinaciji s multimedijskim sredstvima i pripovjednim tekstom

Napomena: pruža potporu pripovijedanju na uvjerljiv i neposredan način

En. map, story; map, storytelling

karta, viralna

karta koja je postigla brzu popularnost na društvenim mrežama

Vidi: mreža, društvena

En. map, viral

karta za autonomno vozilo

vrlo precizna digitalna replika okruženja u kojem se vozilo kreće

Napomena: Preciznost je reda veličine milimetra. Omogućuje računalima u vozilu da u stvarnom vremenu analiziraju okolinu i komuniciraju s njom i time pruža vozilima sve potrebne informacije za sigurnu i učinkovitu navigaciju cestom.

Vidi: vozilo, autonomno

En. map, high definition; map, HD; map, higly automated driving; map, HAD

kartografija, filmska

grana kartografije koja se bavi izučavanjem odnosa filma i kartografije

En. cartography, cinematic

kartografija, živopisna

grana kartografije koja se bavi povezivanjem karte s emocijama

En. cartography, vivid

kartografiranje, humanitarno

suradničko kartografiranje kao podrška pravovremenim i učinkovitim operacijama traganja i spašavanja tijekom i neposredno nakon prirodnih katastrofa

Napomena: Najpoznatiji primjer humanitarnog kartografiranje je djelovanje Humanitarian OSM Teama (HOT).

Vidi: kartografiranje, suradničko; OpenStreetMap

En. mapping, humanitarian

katastar infrastrukture

katastar o vodovima i pripadajućim objektima elektroenergetske, elektroničke komunikacijske, toplovodne, plinovodne, naftovodne, vodovodne i odvodne infrastrukture

Vidi: katastar

En. cadastre, infrastructure

Fr. cadastre des infrastructures

Nj. Infrastrukturkataster

mreža, neuronska

Također: mreža, umjetna neuronska

vrsta umjetne inteligencije koja pokušava oponašati način rada ljudskog mozga

Vidi: inteligencija, umjetna

En. network, neural

mreža, umjetna neuronska

Vidi: mreža, neuronska

NASA World Wind

virtualni globus otvorenog koda državne civilne uprave SAD-a za zrakoplovna i svemirska istraživanja i razvoj (National Aeronautics and Space Administration - NASA)

Vidi: globus, virtualni

platforma

Također: platforma, računalna; platforma, digitalna

okruženje u kojem se izvršava softver

Napomena: To može biti hardver ili operativni sustav (OS), čak i web preglednik i pridružena sučelja aplikacijskog programiranja ili drugi temeljni softver, sve dok se njime izvršava programski kod.

En. platform, computing; platform, digital

Fr. plate-forme (informatique)

platforma, digitalna

Vidi: platforma

En. platform, digital

platforma, računalna

Vidi: platforma

En. platform, computing

povezivanje uređaja, mrežno

Također: internet stvari

povezivanje bilo kojeg uređaja kojemu se može dodijeliti IP adresa na internet kako bi se mogao nadzirati rad tog uređaja, omogućiti njegovo povezivanje s drugim uređajima, što bi omogućilo pružanje naprednih usluga

Napomena: Ti su uređaji npr. pametni telefon, perilica, pećnica, hladnjak, rasvjetno tijelo itd.,

En. Internet of Things; IoT

Fr. Internet des objets

Nj. Internet der Dinge; IdD

projekcija, približno ekvidistantna

kartografska projekcija dobivena uvrštavanjem geodetskih koordinata φ i λ u formule ekvidistantnih projekcija za preslikavanje sfere

Napomena: Rezultat je približno ekvidistantna projekcija elipsoida u kojoj će se faktor lokalnog mjerila duljina razlikovati za manje od 0,4% od jedinice u smjeru ekvidistantne linije.

Vidi: koordinate, geodetske; projekcija, ekvidistantna; faktor lokalnog mjerila duljina

En. projection, approximately equdistant

projekcija, približno ekvivalentna

kartografska projekcija dobivena uvrštavanjem geodetskih koordinata φ i λ u formule ekvivalentnih projekcija za preslikavanje sfere

Napomena: Rezultat je približno ekvivalentna projekcija elipsoida u kojoj maksimalne deformacije površina nisu veće od približno 0,7%.

Vidi: koordinate, geodetske; projekcija, ekvivalentna

En. projection, approximately equivalent

projekcija, približno konformna

kartografska projekcija dobivena uvrštavanjem geodetskih koordinata φ i λ u formule konformnih projekcija za preslikavanje sfere

Napomena: Rezultat je približno konformna projekcija elipsoida u kojoj maksimalne deformacije kutova nisu veće od približno 23’.

Vidi: koordinate, geodetske; projekcija, konformna; projekcija, web-Mercatorova

En. projection, approximately conformal

projekcija u letu

postupak kojim se u GIS-u podatci koji nisu u istom koordinatnom sustavu kao karta koja se izrađuje preslikavaju u projekciju karte

En. projection, on the fly

računalstvo u oblaku

usluga koja nudi neograničene količine diskovnog prostora, procesorske snage i radne memorije onda kad je potrebno i koliko je potrebno

Napomena: Riječ je o usluzi kod koje nismo vlasnici računalne infrastrukture niti smo zaduženi za njezino održavanje već plaćamo vremenski najam one količine resursa koja nam je u danom trenutku potrebna.

En. computing, cloud

Fr. l'informatique en nuage

razina detalja

stupanj apstrakcije objekata u računalnoj 3D grafici

Napomena: Razina detalja, od najmanje do najveće, označava se s: LoD0, LoD1, LoD2 i LoD3. Posebnu važnost ima u 3D modeliranju gradova.

En. level of detail; LoD

skup geodetskih parametara EPSG

skup podataka o odabranim koordinatnim referentnim sustavima i transformacijama koordinata koji održava Pododbor za geodeziju Odbora Međunarodnoga društva proizvođača nafte i plina ( The International Association of Oil and Gas Producers) za geomatiku.

Vidi: EPSG

En. EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset

stvarnost, mješovita

spoj stvarnog i virtualnog svijeta u kojem fizički i digitalni objekti koegzistiraju i komuniciraju u stvarnom vremenu

En. reality, mixed

Fr. réalité mixte

Nj. Realität, vermischte; Realität, gemischte

stvarnost, produžena

Također: stvarnost, ukrižena

virtualna stvarnost, proširena stvarnost i mješovita stvarnost

Vidi: stvarnost, virtualna; stvarnost, proširena; stvarnost, mješovita

En. reality, extended; XR

stvarnost, ukrižena

Vidi: stvarnost, produžena

En. reality, cross

svijet, digitalni

ukupnost svih pojava koje se mogu opisati digitalnim signalima ili se njima može utjecati na njih

En. world, digital

Nj. Welt, digitale

učenje, duboko

metoda strojnog učenja koja se temelji na algoritmima za učenje više razine reprezentacije u svrhu modeliranja složenih odnosa među podatcima

Vidi: učenje, strojno

En. learning, deep

vozilo, autonomno

Također: vozilo bez vozača

vozilo koje raspoznaje okolinu u kojoj se nalazi i kreće se samostalno ili uz malu pomoć vozača

Napomena: Služi se senzorima za raspoznavanje okoline: radarima, lidarima, sonarima, GPS-om i inercijalnim mjernim jedinicama.

En. car, self-driving; vehicle, autonomous

Fr. voiture autonome; véhicule autonome

Nj. Kraftfahrzeug, selbstfahrendes; Landfahrzeug, autonomes

vozilo bez vozača

Vidi: vozilo, autonomno

znanost, geoprostorna

znanost koja se bavi primjenom informacijske tehnologije za razumijevanje ljudi, mjesta i procesa na Zemlji

En. science, geospatial

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