Evaluation of Capacity of Essential Oils in Dissolving ProTaper Universal Gutta-Percha points

Ramos, Thaís Isabel Ferreira; Câmara, Andréa Cruz; Aguiar, Carlos Menezes

doi:10.15644/asc50/2/5

Evaluation of Capacity of Essential Oils in Dissolving ProTaper Universal Gutta-Percha points

Thaís Isabel Ferreira Ramos ; Department of Prosthetics and Oral and Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
Andréa Cruz Câmara ; Department of Prosthetics and Oral and Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
Carlos Menezes Aguiar ; Department of Prosthetics and Oral and Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

Sažetak
Purpose: Solvents may be used to remove the filling materials. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of formulated orange oil, orange oil and formulated eucalyptol in dissolving F3 ProTaper Universal Gutta-percha points. Material and methods: 200 samples were used and divided into four groups, further divided in fifty samples for each solvent. The samples were weighed on an analytical balance before being subjected to the action of solvents. Subsequently, they were put onto watch glasses, 7X45mm in length, and immersed into solutions for the following times: 5, 10, 20, 25 and 30 minutes. The loss of mass was recorded by weighing samples after every minute of action of the solvent on the points. Data were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test at a significance level of 5%. Results: All solvents showed that the first five minutes of action was the period of greatest dissolving power. In terms of immersion time, xylol (control group) exhibited a markedly superior ability in dissolving the gutta-percha points compared to other solvents and, also, showed statistically significant differences. A continuous dissolution was observed in all groups. Formulated orange oil presented a markedly superior solvent effect on filling materials compared to orange oil and formulated eucalyptol; however, there were no statistically significant differences. Conclusion: Considering the results obtained and methodology employed, it can be concluded that xylol was the most effective solvent in dissolving gutta-percha points, followed by formulated orange oil, orange oil and formulated eucalyptol oil.

▼ Article Information

Copyright statement: All rights reserved. Printed in Croatia. Copyright 2016: University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine; Croatian Dental Society - Croatian Medical Association. The full text of articles published in this journal can be used free of charge for personal and educational purposes while respecting the copyright of the authors and publishers. For commercial purposes no part of this journal may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher.

Date received: 04 February 2016

Date accepted: 07 May 2016

Publication date (print and electronic): June 2016

Volume: 50

Issue: 2

Pages: 128-133

Publisher ID: ASC_50(2)_128-133

DOI: 10.1564/asc50/2/5

Article Information (continued)

Categories:

Subject: Original Scientific Paper

Key Words: :

Key Words:

Keyword: Gutta-percha

Keyword: Solvent

Keyword: Retreatment

Keyword: Root Canal

Keyword: Essential oil

Evaluation of Capacity of Essential Oils in Dissolving ProTaper Universal Gutta-Percha points

Thaís Isabel Ferreira Ramos

Andréa Cruz Câmara

Carlos Menezes Aguiar

Department of Prosthetics and Oral and Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

Author notes:

Correspondence to: Address for correspondence:  Prof. Dr. Carlos Menezes Aguiar  Rua Aristides Muniz, 70/501, Boa Viagem Recife PE 51020-150 Brazil  Tel: (+55) 81 3467 6821 cmaguiar@ufpe.br

Abstract

Purpose

Solvents may be used to remove the filling materials. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of formulated orange oil, orange oil and formulated eucalyptol in dissolving F3 ProTaper Universal Gutta-percha points.

Material and methods

200 samples were used and divided into four groups, further divided in fifty samples for each solvent. The samples were weighed on an analytical balance before being subjected to the action of solvents. Subsequently, they were put onto watch glasses, 7X45mm in length, and immersed into solutions for the following times: 5, 10, 20, 25 and 30 minutes. The loss of mass was recorded by weighing samples after every minute of action of the solvent on the points. Data were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test at a significance level of 5%.

Results

All solvents showed that the first five minutes of action was the period of greatest dissolving power. In terms of immersion time, xylol (control group) exhibited a markedly superior ability in dissolving the gutta-percha points compared to other solvents and, also, showed statistically significant differences. A continuous dissolution was observed in all groups. Formulated orange oil presented a markedly superior solvent effect on filling materials compared to orange oil and formulated eucalyptol; however, there were no statistically significant differences.

Conclusion

Considering the results obtained and methodology employed, it can be concluded that xylol was the most effective solvent in dissolving gutta-percha points, followed by formulated orange oil, orange oil and formulated eucalyptol oil.

Introduction

The major cause of failure of root canal treatment is the persistence of microbial infection in the root canal system and/or in the periradicular region (1). When the primary treatment fails, a non-surgical endodontic retreatment is indicated (2). The key to successful endodontic retreatment is to thoroughly debride the canal system of infected or necrotic pulp tissue and microorganisms and to efficiently remove the filling materials from the root canal system (3). Organic solvents are chemical compounds which have been shown to aid in removal of the root canal filling materials (4-6).

The effectiveness of different organic solvents against various types of root canal filling materials has been shown in some in vitro studies (5-7).

Xylol has been shown to dissolve the root filling materials most effectively but it was reported to have carcinogenic potential and toxicity to tissues (7). Essential oils, such as orange oil and eucalyptus oil, have been reported to be safe and useful for this purpose (5, 8, 9).

Currently, there are no studies which show the effectiveness of these solvents on F3 ProTaper Universal Gutta-percha points. Hence, the purpose of this study was to compare and asses the dissolving efficacy of various endodontic solvents such as formulated orange oil, orange oil and formulated eucalyptol on F3 ProTaper Universal Gutta-percha points.

Materials and Methods

This was a comparative and laboratory study employing one commercial brand of F3 ProTaper Universal™ gutta-percha points (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), within expiration date. Two-hundred samples were randomly divided into four experimental groups and further subdivided in fifty samples for each solvent (Table 1). Formulated orange oil (Oleo de Laranja, Phormula Ativa, Recife, Brazil), orange oil (Citrol, Biodinamica, Ibiporă, Brazil) and formulated eucalyptol (Eucaliptol, Nectar Plus, Campina Grande, Brazil) were tested as solvents and compared with xylol (Xileno PA, ISOFAR, Duque de Caxias, Brazil) – (control group). After that, the points were weighed on an analytical balance (AUY120, Shimadzu, Japan) and the values were recorded considering four decimal places after the decimal point to identify the baseline weights of each specimen prior to solvent action. Subsequently, each gutta-percha point was put onto watch glass, 7X45mm in length, which was immersed into experimental solution at room temperature for the following immersion times: 5, 10, 20, 25 and 30 minutes.

Table 1 Experimental Groups

Group	Solvent	Specimens	Gutta-Percha
Group 1	Orange Oil	50	F3
Group 2	Formulated Eucalyptol	50	F3
Group 3	Formulated Orange Oil	50	F3
Group 4 (control)	Xylol	50	F3

The samples were removed from a glass vial after the specified immersion period, washed in 100 mL of double-distilled water, and allowed to dry for 72 h at room temperature.

A new weighing was performed in order to compare and calculate the weight loss. The mass loss was recorded by weighing which was performed after every minute of action of the solvent on the points. The dissolving rate of gutta-percha was calculated from the difference between the original weight of gutta-percha and its final weight using the following formula: M= Mf-Mi

where:Mf = post-immersion weight;Mi = pre-immersion weight.

Means and standard deviations of weight loss were calculated at each time interval for each group of specimens. The data were tabulated and statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 21 data analysis software for Windows (SPSS Inco., Chicago, USA) with the value of statistical significance set at 0.05.

Results

The solvent action of xylol, formulated orange oil, orange oil and formulated eucalyptol are summarized in Table 2. Also, the standard deviation and mean weight loss of F3 ProTaper Universal gutta-percha point is presented.

Table 2 – Weight loss of gutta-percha points immersed in four different solvents at 5 to 30 minutes.

		Evaluation
Time (min)	Group	Pre-immersion	Post-Immersion	Means of weight loss
		Means± SD (Median)	Means± SD (Median)

• 5'	Orange oil	0.0841 ± 0.0007 (0.0841)	0.0795 ± 0.0043 (0.0808) ^(A)	0.0046 ^(A)
	Formulated Eucalyptol	0.0846 ± 0.0009 (0.0848)	0.0808 ± 0.0030 (0.0816 ^(AD)	0.0038 ^(A)
	Formulated Orange Oil	0.0849 ± 0.0013 (0.0849)	0.0820 ± 0.0016 (0.0823) ^(BD)	0.0028 ^(A)
	Xylol (control)	0.0849 ± 0.0007 (0.0848)	0.0726 ± 0.0047 (0.0740) ^(C)	0.0123 ^(B)
	P value	p ⁽²⁾ = 0.164	p ⁽²⁾ < 0.001*	p ⁽²⁾ < 0.001*

• 10'	Orange oil	0.0858 ± 0.0040 (0.0848)	0.0817 ± 0.0019 (0.0818) ^(A)	0.0040 ^(A)
	Formulated Eucalyptol	0.0839 ± 0.0006 (0.0838)	0.0810 ± 0.0021 (0.0812) ^(A)	0.0029 ^(A)
	Formulated Orange Oil	0.0846 ± 0.0008 (0.0844)	0.0791 ± 0.0080 (0.0821) ^(A)	0.0055 ^(A)
	Xylol (control)	0.0847 ± 0.0007 (0.0848)	0.0628 ± 0.0117 (0.0646) ^(B)	0.0219 ^(B)
	P value	p ⁽²⁾ = 0.093	p ⁽²⁾ = 0.002*	p ⁽²⁾ = 0.002*

• 20'	Orange oil	0.0867 ± 0.0062 (0.0853)	0.0834 ± 0.0057 (0.0820) ^(A)	0.0034 ^(A)
	Formulated Eucalyptol	0.0844 ± 0.0011 (0.0840)	0.0816 ± 0.0010 (0.0813 ^(A)	0.0028 ^(A)
	Formulated Orange Oil	0.0842 ± 0.0005 (0.0842)	0.0770 ± 0.0087 (0.0814) ^(A)	0.0072 ^(A)
	Xylol (control)	0.0847 ± 0.0009 (0.0850)	0.0558 ± 0.0206 (0.0534) ^(B)	0.0289 ^(B)
	P value	p ⁽²⁾ = 0.383	p ⁽²⁾ < 0.001*	p ⁽²⁾ < 0.001*

• 25'	Orange oil	0.0861 ± 0.0037 (0.0854)	0.0813 ± 0.0046 (0.0813) ^(A)	0.0048 ^(A)
	Formulated Eucalyptol	0.0842 ± 0.0011 (0.0842)	0.0796 ± 0.0023 (0.0801 ^(A)	0.0045 ^(A)
	Formulated Orange Oil	0.0845 ± 0.0009 (0.0845)	0.0780 ± 0.0050 (0.0811) ^(A)	0.0065 ^(A)
	Xylol (control)	0.0849 ± 0.0008 (0.0846)	0.0474 ± 0.0170 (0.0453) ^(B)	0.0375 ^(B)
	P value	p ⁽²⁾ = 0.296	p ⁽²⁾ < 0.001*	p ⁽²⁾ < 0.001*

• 30'	Orange oil	0.0857 ± 0.0046 (0.0844)	0.0767 ± 0.0112 (0.0806) ^(A)	0.0900 ^(A)
	Formulated Eucalyptol	0.0842 ± 0.0009 (0.0843)	0.0781 ± 0.0043 (0.0796 ^(A)	0.0061 ^(A)
	Formulated Orange Oil	0.0843 ± 0.0007 (0.0845)	0.0749 ± 0.0123 (0.0809) ^(A)	0.0094 ^(A)
	Xylol (control)	0.0850 ± 0.0007 (0.0851)	0.0369 ± 0.0219 (0.0410) ^(B)	0.0481 ^(B)
	P value	p ⁽²⁾ = 0.097	p ⁽²⁾ < 0.001*	p ⁽²⁾ < 0.001*

(*):Statistically significant differences at level .05. (1): Kruskal Wallis test  If all the letters in parentheses are different it is demonstrated a significant difference between the solvents in each evaluation time.

Based on the methodology employed, it was possible to identify the solvents with higher power of dissolving F3 ProTaper Universal gutta-percha points within the periods of evaluation. With regards to the means weight loss provoked by each solvent at 30 minutes of immersion time, xylol (control) showed the greatest weight loss, followed by formulated orange oil, orange oil and formulated eucalyptol. The results of the loss at each minute are presented in Table 2.

Taking into consideration these results, xylol (control) exhibited greater capacity of dissolution than formulated orange oil, orange oil and formulated eucalyptol at all experimental periods of time, with a statistically significant difference.

Considering the total weight loss provoked by each solvent, all solutions caused the highest dissolution of gutta-percha at immersion time of 30 minutes.

Discussion

Numerous methodologies have been proposed to evaluate retreatment techniques. It has been suggested that hand file (2, 10) including stainless steel hand file (2, 10), rotary instruments (11), reciprocating systems (12), ultrasound (3) and immersion of gutta-percha point in the solvent solution (13) can be used to effectively clean the root canal system. Although gutta-percha points have been widely used in endodontics for root canal filling, there are few reports in the literature that evaluated solvent capacity on the great taper gutta-percha points. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the dissolving effect of solvents on F3 ProTaper Universal gutta-percha points. The methods used in this study are similar to those used in numerous basic studies conducted on gutta-percha solvents in which the dissolving efficacy of solvents was assessed by the difference between the original pre-immersion weight and the post-immersion weight (8, 14, 15).

According to the classification of residual solvents, xylol is a solvent with major capacity of dissolution of gutta-percha (8, 14, 16). The results of the present study are in agreement with those obtained by previous authors, because xylol (control) showed a significantly higher dissolution rate of gutta-percha in all tested periods of time. Also, the result obtained for xylol is statistically more significant than the results obtained for eucalyptol and orange oil (ranging from 1 - 5 minutes).

The data of the present research reveal that the F3 ProTaper Universal™ gutta-percha points were soluble to various degrees in the aforementioned solvents. Our results show that xylol was the most effective solvent followed by essential oils (eucalyptol and orange oil). Several recent studies have also reported that xylol is the most effective solvent (6, 17). However, some researchers stated that orange oil and eucalyptol are safe and more biocompatible alternatives to Xylol (18). Unlike these results, a study (19) showed that both chloroform and eucalyptol are strong cytotoxic solvents. However, the authors do not consider them to be a factor that increases the level of DNA lesions in mammalian cells.

In accordance with the present research, Gomes et al. (14) showed that xylol has a high dissolving rate of gutta-percha in all tested times. The rate obtained for xylol was statistically more significant than that obtained for eucalyptol and orange oil (ranging from 1 - 5 minutes).

In the present study, all solvents exhibited the greatest percentage of dissolution at five minute interval. It is noteworthy that although gutta-percha points are composed of gutta-percha itself, zinc oxide, waxes, resins and other compounds, the solvents acted only on gutta-percha. Accordingly, it seems that the greatest percentage of dissolution occurred in a time interval of five minutes because in the remaining time there would have been a smaller amount of gutta-percha within the point, hence a smaller area of action for the solvent. The results of some studies have shown that after five minutes, the solvents exhibited a higher dissolution rate than after 10 minutes, suggesting that the solution must be used for at least 5 minutes.

There are few studies confirming the solvent capacity of the tested solvents. Tanomaru-Filho et al. (16) concluded that solvents such as xylol, eucalyptol, and orange oil showed a good solvent capacity. Xylol was more efficient for conventional gutta-percha removal, whereas other solvents were more efficient for thermoplastic gutta-percha removal. In agreement with Tanomaru-Filho et al. (20), Magalhăes et al. (8) evaluated the solvent capacity of xylol, eucalyptol, chloroform and orange oil and reported that xylol was the most efficient solvent, while other solvents acted in a similar fashion. Aguiar et al. (20) also observed that both eucalyptol and orange oil were effective in the removal of filling material from root canals, which does not comply with the results of the study obtained by Karlović et al. (21) who reported that the greatest amount of remaining root canal filling was found after retreatment with orange oil, followed by halothane. The results of their study also showed that eucalyptus oil exhibited the best dissolving capacity. The results obtained in the present study demonstrated that xylol was the most effective solvent in dissolving gutta-percha points, followed by formulated orange oil, orange oil and formulated eucalyptol oil.

Conclusion

Considering the results obtained and the methodology employed, it can be concluded that xylol was the most effective in dissolving F3 gutta-percha points, followed by formulated orange oil, orange oil, and eucalyptol. There were no statistically significant differences between the solvent capacity of formulated orange oil and formulated eucalyptol and orange oil, thus confirming the fact that they can be used in endodontic retreatment as alternative solutions to replace xylol.

Notes

[1] Conflicts of interest The authors deny any conflicts of interest related to this study.

References

Moreno JO, Alves FR, Gonçalves LS, Martinez AM, Rôças IN, Siqueira JF Jr. Periradicular status and quality of root canal fillings and coronal restorations in an urban Colombian population. J Endod. 2013 May;39(5):600–4. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2012.12.020 PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23611376

Aguiar C, Bernart F, Lima G, Câmara A. Effectiveness of the ProTaper Universal Retreatment™system for removing a 10-years-old filling material. Minerva Stomatol. 2012 Nov-Dec;61(11-12):491–8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23207674

Müller GG, Schönhofen AP, Móra PMPK, Grecca FS, Só MVR, Bodanezi A. Efficacy of an Organic Solvent and Ultrasound for Filling Material Removal. Braz Dent J. 2013 Nov-Dec;24(6):585–90. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201302252 PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24474354

Scelza MFZ, Coil JM, Maciel ACC, Oliveira LRL, Scelza P. Comparative SEM evaluation of three solvents used in endodontic retreatment: an Ex Vivo study. J Appl Oral Sci. 2008 Jan-Feb;16(1):24–9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572008000100006 PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19089285

Martos J, Bassotto APS, González-Rodrıguez MP, Ferrer-Luque CM. Dissolving efficacy of eucalyptus and orange oil, xylol and chloroform solvents on different root canal sealers. Int Endod J. 2011 Nov;44(11):1024–8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01912.x PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21658077

Mushtaq M, Masoodi A, Farooq R, Khan FY. The Dissolving Ability of Different Organic Solvents on Three Different Root Canal Sealers: In Vitro Study. Iran Endod J. 2012 Fall;7(4):198–202. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23130079

Vajrabhaya LO, Suwannawong SK, Kamolroongwarakul R, Pewklieng L. Cytotoxicity evaluation of gutta-percha solvents: chloroform and GP-solvent (limonene). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004 Dec;98(6):756–9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.05.002 PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15583552

Magalhăes BS, Johann JE, Lund RG, Martos J, Del Pino FAB. Dissolving efficacy of some organic solvents on gutta-percha. Braz Oral Res. 2007 Oct-Dec;21(4):303–7. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242007000400004 PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18060255

Ibarrola JL, Knowles KI, Ludlow MO. Retrievability of Thermafil Plastic Cores Using Organic Solvents. J Endod. 1993 Aug;19(8):417–8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(06)81509-8 PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8263447

Khalilak Z, Vatanpour M, Dadresanfar B, Moshkelgosha P, Nourbakhsh HR. In Vitro Comparison of Gutta-Percha Removal with H-File and ProTaper with or without Chloroform. Iran Endod J. 2013 Winter;8(1):6–9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23413203

Topçuoğlu HS, Aktı A, Tuncay O, Dinçer AN, Salih Düzgün S, Topçuoğlu G. Evaluation of Debris Extruded Apically during the Removal of Root Canal Filling Material Using ProTaper, D-RaCe, and R-Endo Rotary Nickel-Titanium Retreatment Instruments and Hand Files. J Endod. 2014 Dec;40(12):2066–9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2014.09.004 PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25443282

Rios MA, Villela AM, Cunha RS, Velasco RC, De Martin AS, Kato AS, et al. Efficacy of 2 Reciprocating Systems Compared with a Rotary Retreatment System for Gutta-percha Removal. J Endod. 2014 Apr;40(4):543–6. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2013.11.013 PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24666908

Mushtaq M, Farooq R, Ibrahim M, Khan FY. Dissolving efficacy of different organic solvents on gutta-percha and resilon root canal obturating materials at different immersion time intervals. J Conserv Dent. 2012 Apr;15(2):141–5. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.94584 PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22557812

Gomes FA, Daniel APB, Nunes RA, Fernandes ALN, Maniglia-Ferreira C, Matos HRM, et al. Efficacy of gutta-percha solvents used in endodontic retreatments. RSBO. 2013;10(4):356–61.

Rubino GV, Akisue E, Nunes BG, Gavini G. Solvency capacity of gutta-percha and Resilon using chloroform, eucalyptol, orange oil or xylene. J Health Sci Inst. 2012;30(1):22–5.

Tanomaru-Filho M, Orlando TA, Bortoluzzi EA, Silva GF, Tanomaru JMG. Solvent capacity of different substances on guta-percha and resilon. Braz Dent J. 2010 Jan;21(1):46–9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-64402010000100007 PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464320

Faria-Júnior NB, Loiola LE, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Berbert FLCV, Tanomaru-Filho M. Effectiveness of Three Solvents and Two Associations of Solvents on Gutta-Percha and Resilon. Braz Dent J. 2011;22(1):41–4. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21519647

Scelza MFZ, Oliveira LRL, Carvalho FB. DDS, Faria SC-R. In vitro evaluation of macrophage viability after incubation in orange oil, eucalyptol, and Chloroform. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006 Sep;102(3):e24–7. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.02.030 PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16920530

Ribeiro DA, Matsumoto MA, Marques MEA, Salvadori DMF. Biocompatibility of gutta-percha solvents using in vitro mammalian test-system. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007 May;103(5):e106–9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.11.024 PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17320426

Aguiar CM, Lima G de AC, Bernart FD, Câmara AC. Effectiveness of the ProTaper Universal Retreatment™ System and the Manual Technique in Endodontic Retreatment. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2011;45(4):239–46.

Karlović Z, Miletić I, Jukić S, Šlaj M, Simeon P, Anić I. Remainig Filling on the Root Canal Walls after Retreatment with Three Gutta-percha Solvents. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2004;38(2):155–61.

This display is generated from NISO JATS XML with jats-html.xsl. The XSLT engine is libxslt.

Acta stomatologica Croatica, Vol. 50 No. 2, 2016.

Article Information (continued)

Key Words:

Evaluation of Capacity of Essential Oils in Dissolving ProTaper Universal Gutta-Percha points

Abstract

Purpose

Material and methods

Results

Conclusion

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Notes

References