Pregledni rad
On Stollhof- Csaford- type discs from Croatia
Dunja Glogović
; Institut za arheologiju, Zagreb
Sažetak
Orlovnjak or Orlovnjak puszta as an archaeological site has appeared in Hungarian reference books for the last twenty years. The site, to be more accurate a hill Varhov in Orlovnjak - Tenja was determined as the find of the golden prehistoric larder. There are very thorough descriptions in the archives of the National Museum and Academy in Budapest of the prehistoric gold finds in Tenja that is Orlovnjak, which occurred in the sixth decade of the 20th century and also about the fate of particular items from the golden larder. The plates of Stollhof-Csaford or Dreibuckelscheiben type arose a special interest of which there were six pieces in the Slavonian larder i.e. three pairs of disks (MAKKAY 1985: 5sq; KOHEGYI 1990: 8-11).
Makkay found out that the golden find from Cepin (near Osijek) which first appeared by Vinski in 1959 in the article about the prehistoric gold from Yugoslavia (VINSKI 1959: 208) and the larder from Orlovnjak, were actually one unique collective find. The larder contained about twenty five golden items: two ribbons - diadems, nineteen anklets (VINSKI 1959: T.9, 78-79; MAKKAY 1985: 17, fig. 6) and golden disks. After the finds had been accidentally discovered during the agricultural soil cultivation, six disks from the Orlovnjak estate were justly divided: three pieces were given to a young man who found them in the field and they first appeared on the antique market. The rest of the disks were assigned to the female members of the Adamovic family: one was given to Ivan Adamovic senior's wife and the other two were given to two daughters-in-law (MAKKAY 1985: 6; GLOGOVIC 2003 A: 97 sq). From the whole larder, only the gold registered as the find from Cepin and a disk are preserved in the National Museum of Budapest and another disk in the Württemberg Country Museum of Stuttgart (MAKKAY 1985: 12, fig 6-7).
The golden disks with three cone bulges were named after the Austrian larder Stollhof that was incidentally excavated in 1864 and contained two golden disks (pict. 3, 4). golden round plates, the larder contained six more copper spectacled tags, two flat axes, nine spiral tubules - saltaleons, two spiral bangles and an ornamental plate in a wild-boar tusk shape (ANGELI 1967: 491-496). Angeli took, in the time of the larder publication, into consideration also the find from Csaford (Zalaszentgrot, com. Zala) in Hungary, the second eponymous site of this golden disk type (Pic. 5,6). Two golden disks were
found (diameter: 125 mm and 105 mm) incidentally in 1952 during field furrowing and the gold was buried according to the finder's story, 50 cm deep. J. Korek made two test excavations on the site. The finds were scarce and culturally not particulary significant, therefore the disks from Csaford date back in general at the turn from the Eneolithic into the early Bronze Age (KOREK 1960: 28-33).
The find of a silver plate of the Stollhof-Csaford type from Kotouc-Stramberk larder is interesting (JISL 1967: 19). A wide-spread opinion tells us that it is the oldest silver in Central Europe. The silver plate from the above-mentioned larder in Moravia is almost twice as big as standard dimensions of Stollhof-Czaford type disks and there are not any other ornaments but three bulges and two pairs of holes for hanging or attaching it onto clothes (pic. 7). The larder contained, besides a silver disk, a large copper spectacles-shaped tag (25 cm in length) which is a part of typical metal shapes from the Moravia Eneolithic (MEDUNOVA-BENESOVA 1993: 198, T. 125, 18; larder Kotouc-Stramberk: 202, pic. 124).
The Orlovnjak larder is the largest collective disk find of Stollhof-Csaford type, it is also in the far southeast of its extension. Markovic ascribed the gold from Cepin to the culture of Retz-Gajary (MARKOVIC: 1994, 57, 91 -115), although it hasn't extended to east Slavonia (TEZAK-GREGL 1998: 58). M. Kuna intercalated the disks of Stollhof-Csaford type in line Bodrogkeresztur -Ludanice and group Mondsee - Balaton II (KUNA 1981: 34). Makkay ascribed the golden disks of Stollhof-Csaford to Lasinja culture (MAKKAY 1985: 5, 16); also he doesn't accept the dating of gold metallurgy before the third millennium B.C. in southeastern Europe (MAKKAY 1996: 43). According to the exhibition catalogue of prehistoric gold that the National Museum of Budapest showed in 1999, the disks dated back from 4000 until 3600. At the same time it is a chronologic culture range Balaton-Lasinja and beginning Bajc-Retz in the Transdanube basin and the culture Bodrogkeresztur - Hunyadihalom in east Hungary and Sedmogradska (Raczky 1999: 14, 17-37).
The golden disks of Stollhof-Csaford type from eastern Slavonia can hardly be culturally determined, therefore they date back to the Eneolithic generally according to foreign analogies, i.e. from the middle of the 4th millennium until the end of the 3rd millennium B.C.
Ključne riječi
Hrčak ID:
163540
URI
Datum izdavanja:
6.12.2004.
Posjeta: 791 *