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THE BRACONIDAE AS TAXONOMICAL UNIT AND AS ENTOMOPHAGOUS INSECTS (HYMENOPTERA)
Jeno Papp
; Zoološki muzej, Budimpešta
Sažetak
The braconid wasps represent one of the greatest family of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea inside Hymenoptera, to which we range Ichneumonidae and 8 small families, furthermore. The last catalogue of Braconidae enumerated 3731 species (Szépligeti, 1904). At present the number of the known species comprises all in all 13000. A new catalogue is published by Shenefelt since 1969. The plurality of the new braconid species are waited to discover outside Europe and North America on one hand and on the other the supposed number of the species living on the Earth is estimated about 30000. The modern classification distinguishes 20 subfamilies of Braconidae. The subfamilies mostly represent both taxonomical units and evolutionary trends (Tobias 1967, Papp 1974). The braconids arc primary parasites, neither secondary nor tertier braconid prasites are not known except Syntretus Först. There is not at all non-parasites braconid. They are parasitic exclusively during their Iarval stage, mostly in the larva of their hosts. True egg-parasites not among them. In their host-spectrum the caterpillars are predominate, the species of Opiinae-Alysiinae-Dacnbsinae are parasitic in different flies (Diptera), relatively small is the number of the braconid parasites of beetles and bugs. During their, parasitic life the braconids contribute a very important role in the terrestrial coenosae. In Szélenyi',s (1955) biocoenological concept the braconids appear as two, structural elements (coetus) during a year incorporated in very much food-chain. In their instar stage as -obstant elements consuming animals (first of all caterpillars i. e. corrumpent elements), and in their imaginal stage as sustinent elements promoting the pollination of plants.The last role is much less significant than that of their obstancy. Highly important is their parasitic life in connection with that phenomenon of the coenosae which is named recently as biological circulation. Namely they take a high part in the checking of the prolification of their hosts over the quantity necessary. The plurality of the corrumpent elements posses a more or less series of entomophagous insects parasitizing them in their different developmental stege (i. e. from oval to imaginal stages). This phenomenon is disclosed as parasite-chain theory. In the, light of this theory it is necessary to study not only egg-parasites (relatively the most useful entomophagous insects) but instar, pupal, and imaginal parasites too. Recently was established that the most effective are the oligophagous parasites. On a global scale imported entomophagous insects were applied 228 occasions with any results (De Bach 1964). Of them braconids were applied, usually together with other entomophagous insects (1-4 species), 22 occasions. The results are as follows: 4 (19%) complete, 8 (38%) substantial, and 10 (43%) partial. Braconid entomophag (Apanteles lacteicolor Vier.) was firstly applied in USA. Here in Europe Opius concolor Szépl. was used against olive fly (Dacus oleae Gmel.) mostly with or substantial results. The bionomy of 100-130 species were studied of the 13000 braconid species known. This is a rather low number, 0.7-1% of all species. The author is convinced that much more possibilities are to apply braconids in the biological control. Our future task is to reveal further application of them.
Ključne riječi
Hrčak ID:
165126
URI
Datum izdavanja:
30.5.1974.
Posjeta: 794 *