Prethodno priopćenje
https://doi.org/10.31664/zu.2020.107.06
The Housing Development of Dugave in New Zagreb: a New Model for Creating a Housing Community
Tamara Bjažić Klarin
; Institut za povijest umjetnosti, Zagreb, Hrvatska
Luka Korlaet
; Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Arhitektonski fakultet, Zagreb, Hrvatska
Sažetak
In the history of Zagreb’s social housing construction and the planning of housing communities, the housing development of Dugave finished in 1981 was a turning point. Dugave was a response to the acute city-building crisis of the 1960s, that is, to CIAM’s functional city and the market- oriented, prefabricated type housing. In the 1960s, under the influence of a critique in which the sociologists played an important role, the standards for housing developments and residential buildings were redefined in order to create room for social interaction and tenants’ participation. The three innovations were introduced in Dugave—a new approach to the planning of housing developments; new models of spatial organization and a new type of cluster housing; and at last, the method of their production, which was crucial for the quality. Thus, Dugave was the first Zagreb neighbourhood built according to the model of the so-called “socially oriented housing construction” (DUSI). It was a radical turn made with the aim to introduce the most efficient production of quality housing, with the participation of the local authorities, design organizations, building contractors, investors and tenants. The 1974 Constitution provided a legal framework for DUSI. Following the Zagreb Master Plan from 1974, in Dugave the Urban Plan (PUP) designed by Urban planning institute of the city of Zagreb was for the first time the basis for an urban-architectural competition held in 1975. The housing development was divided into the centre and three residential zones in order to achieve variety in its design. Only Zagreb’s construction companies, with their own designers, had the right to participate and were obliged to provide detailed design documentation in case they were awarded. The competition for the center of Dugave and its residential zone 1 was won by Ivan Čižmek and Tomislav Odak, members of the new generation of Zagreb architects, interested in spatial and social urban phenomena. At both levels, in PUP and competition design, modern French planning and design practices were implemented, developed within the national programme of regional planning called villes nouvelles in the mid-1960s on the one hand, and those of Georges Candilis, Shadrach Woods, and Alexis Josic, members of Team 10, on the other. PUP Dugave, work of Vlasta Benić, Borislav Doklestić, and Ivan Tepeš, was based on the principles of the ville nouvelle built close to Paris, Rouen, Marseille, Lille and Lyon, which Doklestić could personally experience during his professional training in Lyon in 1974. These new cities promoted a sustainable coexistence of the inherited and new settlements, provided with large green areas and separated pedestrian traffic. The basis of PUP Dugave was a central park gathering the neighbourhood center, residential semi-blocks (clusters) with subcenters and nearby villages. The position of Dugave’s centre was located by calculating the centre of gravity and it was connected with the villages by an existing pedestrian diagonal shortcut. PUP Dugave therefore defined areas for the construction of particular zones and facilities as well as separate networks of footpahts and traffic roads with the main roundabout around the park. All of the above was also part of the planning and architectural concept of Čižmek’s employers Candilis, Josic, and Woods, whose basic unit of the micro-neighborhood were clusters interconnected by footpaths. Čižmek worked in their Paris studio in 1966–1967, taking part in several housing projects. In Croatia, he applied the concept in the Housing Community IX in Zadar, designed with Dinko Milas at the Croatian Institute of Urban Planning in 1971. In Zadar, they defined a number of urban elements that would later be present in PUP Dugave and Čižmek and Odak’s competition and urban designs: a central park, a centre with a higher degree of urbanity and three subcenters, a grid of streets laid at an angle of 45 degrees, separation of traffic networks, and the main city-building element—closed or semi-open apartment blocks (clusters) of different shapes and heights with yards. In the urban design of Dugave, Čižmek and Odak joined by traffic and construction technology experts reaffirmed the urban elements of Zagreb (street, courtyard, and square) and provided a more humane alternative to CIAM’s urbanism. Along the pedestrian diagonal there were public facilities. The traffic foreseen by PUP Dugave was improved by interrupting the roundabout. The housing standard in Dugave was redefined as well. Instead of the usual two-room apartments, now there was a range from single-room to five-room ones. The apartments’ flexibility implied the possibility to rearrange the housing unit or to merge smaller housing units to create a larger one. A new housing type was an indented, semi-open block, with three wings and three different ways of entering the apartments—directly from the street, from a gallery or an inner corridor located on every third floor. Following the aspirations of Team 10 as well as the local housing of the 1950s these corridors and galleries echoed ideas of creating “streets in the air” as places where the tenants would socialize. The basic structural unit with transverse load-bearing walls and a span of 5.40 m was adapted to the construction by using spatial formwork. In terms of design, the buildings were characterized by staircase cores and by alternating stretches of housing units and horizontal communications. The shortcomings of DUSI came to light in both the project and the construction of Dugave: abuse of the decision- making processes typical of self-management, insufficiently defined technical regulations and norms, rationalization of the housing construction in the hands of insufficiently professional contractors, and so on. Despite these shortcomings, Dugave was recognized as a prototype for neighbourhoods built in the late 1970s and in the 1980s, which was also the last section in the four decades of socialist construction in Zagreb, during which its population grew from 270,000 to 441,120.
Ključne riječi
Dugave; Ivan Čižmek; Tomislav Odak; semi-opend apartment block (cluster); Socially Oriented Housing Construction
Hrčak ID:
257940
URI
Datum izdavanja:
1.12.2020.
Posjeta: 1.793 *