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Journal of halal quality and certification, Vol. 3 No. 1, 2025.

Original scientific paper

Metabolomics-Based Profiling of Porcine and Bovine Gelatin for Halal Authentication

Nureesun Mahamud orcid id orcid.org/0000-0002-4804-1499 ; The Halal Science Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand *
Patchaya Petchareon ; The Halal Science Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
Tuanyasmin Saerae ; The Halal Science Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
Marisa Marnpae ; The Halal Science Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
Sunainee Mahama ; The Halal Science Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
Anat Denyingyhot ; The Halal Science Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
Pornpimol Mahamad orcid id orcid.org/0000-0002-3797-615X ; The Halal Science Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand

* Corresponding author.

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Abstract

Gelatin is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, where its source is critical for
halal authentication and adulteration detection. This study employs a metabolomics-based approach using
liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QTOFMS/
MS) to comprehensively profile the metabolic differences between porcine and bovine gelatin.
Untargeted metabolomics was conducted to identify species-specific metabolic signatures. Principal
component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to detect
metabolic variations and classify gelatin sources with high accuracy. The results showed that PCA clearly
distinguished between bovine and porcine gelatin. Several metabolites with high variable importance in
projection (VIP) scores, including sphingomyelin SM(d18:0/18:1(9Z)), cytidine 5′-diphosphocholine, 3-
methylcytidine, NAD+, ATP, and Tyr-Tyr, were found in higher abundance in porcine gelatin, whereas
cytidine-5′-triphosphate, tryptophan, and phenylalanine were more prevalent in bovine gelatin. These
metabolic differences arise due to species-specific variations in collagen breakdown and nucleotide
turnover pathways. The LC-QTOF-MS/MS-based metabolomics workflow provides high sensitivity and
a non-targeted analytical platform for gelatin authentication, preventing fraudulent substitutions in the food
supply chain. This method offers a robust, data-driven solution for distinguishing gelatin sources and could
also be used in halal applications.

Keywords

Metabolomics; Bovine Gelatin; Porcine Gelatin; Halal; LC-QTOF-MS/MS

Hrčak ID:

333495

URI

https://hrcak.srce.hr/333495

Publication date:

30.6.2025.

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