Izvorni znanstveni članak
https://doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2026.1.7
HEAVY METALS IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM LAKE BATUR, BALI, INDONESIA: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, RISK ASSESSMENT, AND SOURCE APPORTIONMENT
Ulvienin Harlianti
; Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
*
Satria Bijaksana
; Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Irwan Iskandar
; Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Rachmat Fajar Lubis
; Research Center for Limnology and Water Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
Putu Billy Suryanata
; Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Ni Komang Tri Suandayani
; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Udayana, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
Silvia Jannatul Fajar
; Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
* Dopisni autor.
Sažetak
This study aims to assess the environmental conditions of Lake Batur, Indonesia, a closed alkaline lake. In this study, the identification of heavy metals was carried out using 27 sediment and 13 water samples. The methods used in the study include magnetic susceptibility, geochemical, and multivariate analysis. The concentration of heavy metals in sediment samples follows the order Fe > Ti > Mn > V > Cu > Cr (wt%). The results of the pollution assessment (EF, Igeo, CF, and PLI) in sediment indicate that the lake sediment is currently polluted. The PLI shows that the Lake Batur sediment is in the high contamination category at all sample sites, especially because of the high enrichment of Cu and Cr. The use of metal (kepeng) in religious activities in temples near Lake Batur is believed to be the source of the Cu enrichment. The results of multivariate analysis and magnetic susceptibility reveal three groups of heavy metals in Lake Batur sediment based on their main sources: 1) Fe and Ti are dominated by lithogenic factors, 2) Cu and Cr are dominated by anthropogenic factors, and 3) Mn and V are influenced by a combination of lithogenic and anthropogenic factors. The heavy metal concentrations in water samples are as follows: Zn > Fe > Mn > As > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd (ppb). Water samples show that heavy metal concentrations are still below the WHO's minimum drinking water threshold.
Ključne riječi
Lake Batur; heavy metals; lake assessment; magnetic susceptibility; geochemistry
Hrčak ID:
343148
URI
Datum izdavanja:
2.1.2026.
Posjeta: 253 *