Professional paper

https://doi.org/ISSN 0303-5409

Acute kidney injury in dogs

Marina Sardelić *
Ivana Kiš ; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb

* Corresponding author.

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs is defined as sudden damage to the renal parenchyma, with or without
a decrease in kidney function, as reflected by the accumulation of uremic toxins or altered urine production.
The most common causes of AKI include ischemia, inflammation, exposure to nephrotoxins, and infectious
diseases. The pathophysiology of AKI is considered to consist of four main phases: initiation, extension,
maintenance, and recovery. The severity of kidney injury is assessed using the IRIS (International Renal
Interest Society) guidelines, a five-stage grading system based on serum creatinine concentration, urine output,
and the need for renal replacement therapy. Diagnosis of this disease is primarily based on medical history,
clinical examination, and laboratory findings. AKI is often diagnosed at advanced stages, when azotemia as
well as fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base abnormalities are already present. The most common clinical signs
include lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea, and inappropriate urine volume production (anuria, oliguria, or
polyuria). Laboratory findings in dogs with AKI most commonly show increased urea, creatinine, potassium,
and sodium levels, decreased chloride and calcium levels, and the presence of metabolic acidosis. Treatment of
AKI consists of specific and supportive therapy, with fluid therapy being a key component aimed at correcting
and maintaining hydration, electrolyte balance, and acid–base status. Despite advances in treatment, AKI
still has a high mortality rate; therefore, early recognition and an individualized therapeutic approach are of
crucial significance for improving disease outcomes.

Keywords

acute kidney injury; IRIS staging; diagnostics; therapy

Hrčak ID:

348966

URI

https://hrcak.srce.hr/348966

Publication date:

8.7.2026.

Article data in other languages: croatian

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