Sustainable Epoxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid through Peracid Mechanism with Amberlite Resin as a Catalyst

Ismail, Siti Mazlifah; Abdullah, Siti Nadia; Zain, Nurul Izzah Md; Rahman, Siti Juwairiyah A.; Jalil, Mohd Jumain; Azmi, Intan Suhada

doi:10.15255/KUI.2025.007

Chemistry in Industry : Journal of Chemists and Chemical Engineers of Croatia, Vol. 74 No. 7-8, 2025.

Original scientific paper

https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2025.007

Sustainable Epoxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid through Peracid Mechanism with Amberlite Resin as a Catalyst

Siti Mazlifah Ismail ; Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Malaysia
Siti Nadia Abdullah ; Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Malaysia
Nurul Izzah Md Zain ; Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Malaysia
Siti Juwairiyah A. Rahman ; MM Biomass Sdn. Bhd., MM Biomass Global (M) Sdn. Bhd, Persiaran Multimedia, Seksyen 7, 40 000 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
Mohd Jumain Jalil ; Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Malaysia
Intan Suhada Azmi orcid.org/0000-0002-1544-1939 ; Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Malaysia *

* Corresponding author.

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cite

APA 6th Edition

Ismail, S.M., Abdullah, S.N., Zain, N.I.M., Rahman, S.J.A., Jalil, M.J. & Azmi, I.S. (2025). Sustainable Epoxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid through Peracid Mechanism with Amberlite Resin as a Catalyst. Kemija u industriji, 74 (7-8), 295-300. https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2025.007

MLA 8th Edition

Ismail, Siti Mazlifah, et al. "Sustainable Epoxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid through Peracid Mechanism with Amberlite Resin as a Catalyst." Kemija u industriji, vol. 74, no. 7-8, 2025, pp. 295-300. https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2025.007. Accessed 7 Jun. 2026.

Chicago 17th Edition

Ismail, Siti Mazlifah, Siti Nadia Abdullah, Nurul Izzah Md Zain, Siti Juwairiyah A. Rahman, Mohd Jumain Jalil and Intan Suhada Azmi. "Sustainable Epoxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid through Peracid Mechanism with Amberlite Resin as a Catalyst." Kemija u industriji 74, no. 7-8 (2025): 295-300. https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2025.007

Harvard

Ismail, S.M., et al. (2025). 'Sustainable Epoxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid through Peracid Mechanism with Amberlite Resin as a Catalyst', Kemija u industriji, 74(7-8), pp. 295-300. https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2025.007

Vancouver

Ismail SM, Abdullah SN, Zain NIM, Rahman SJA, Jalil MJ, Azmi IS. Sustainable Epoxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid through Peracid Mechanism with Amberlite Resin as a Catalyst. Kemija u industriji [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2026 June 07];74(7-8):295-300. https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2025.007

IEEE

S.M. Ismail, S.N. Abdullah, N.I.M. Zain, S.J.A. Rahman, M.J. Jalil and I.S. Azmi, "Sustainable Epoxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid through Peracid Mechanism with Amberlite Resin as a Catalyst", Kemija u industriji, vol.74, no. 7-8, pp. 295-300, 2025. [Online]. https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2025.007

Abstract

The growing global transition from non-renewable to renewable raw materials has spurred significant interest in sustainable alternatives. Nevertheless, the utilisation of amberlite resin for catalysing the production of epoxidised palm oil remains underexplored. This study investigates the effects of varying the molar ratio of formic acid to palm oil (0.5 : 1, 1 : 1, and 2 : 1) and different stirring speeds (150 rpm, 250 rpm, and 350 rpm) on the resulting oxirane value. Findings indicate that a molar ratio of 1 : 1 between formic acid and palm oil results in a 62 % oxirane value within 30 min, surpassing the outcomes of other tested ratios. A stirring speed of 350 rpm produced the highest oxirane value, at 68 %, compared to stirring speeds of 250 rpm and 150 rpm. The experiment successfully optimised the 1 : 1 molar ratio of formic acid to palm oil and a stirring speed of 350 rpm to increase epoxidation of palm oil. The Runge-Kutta Fourth Order method, in conjunction with genetic algorithm optimisation for numerical integration, was used to establish a mathematical model.