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Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering, Vol. 16 , 2026.

Original scientific paper

https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.3150

Electrochemical sensing of atenolol using silver-reduced graphene oxide carbon paste nanocomposite electrode

Nevila Broli ; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania and NanoAlb, Center of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Academy of Science of Albania, Tirana, Albania *
Sadik Cenolli orcid id orcid.org/0000-0002-8802-356X ; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania and NanoAlb, Center of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Academy of Science of Albania, Tirana, Albania
Loreta Vallja ; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania and NanoAlb, Center of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Academy of Science of Albania, Tirana, Albania
Majlinda Vasjari ; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania and NanoAlb, Center of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Academy of Science of Albania, Tirana, Albania
Ana Ameda ; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania and NanoAlb, Center of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Academy of Science of Albania, Tirana, Albania
Lueda Kulla ; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania and NanoAlb, Center of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Academy of Science of Albania, Tirana, Albania

* Corresponding author.

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Abstract

Atenolol, one of the most prescribed β₁-selective adrenergic blockers, has been increasingly detected in aquatic ecosystems due to incomplete elimination in sewage treatment plants, posing an ecotoxicological hazard to the environment. Here, an electrochemical sensor based on silver-decorated reduced graphene oxide composite carbon paste electrode (rGO@Ag-CPE) was designed for the ultrasensitive electroanalytical determination of atenolol in real-world samples. The morphology and chemical composition of rGO@Ag-CPE were investigated by trans­mission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy analyses, while the electro­chemical properties were evaluated by cyclic and square wave voltammetry techniques. The rGO@Ag-CPE demonstrated excellent electrocatalytic performance toward Atenolol oxidation, attributed to the unique properties of reduced graphene oxide and silver nanoparticles, which provide high conductivity and efficient electrocatalysis, thereby helping to prevent unwanted Atenolol degradation. Under optimized electrochemical sensing conditions, the rGO@Ag-CPE sensor exhibited a linear dynamic range of 20-859 μM (R² = 0.9953), a low detection limit of 2.9 μM, and good reproducibility (relative standard deviation < 4.0 %). A validation study on real-world samples showed good atenolol recovery of 88.8-102% in natural waters and 97-99.2 % in pharmaceutical tablets.

Keywords

beta-blocker; electrochemical sensor; modified carbon paste electrode; hybrid nanocomposite; voltammetry techniques; real samples

Hrčak ID:

344838

URI

https://hrcak.srce.hr/344838

Publication date:

20.1.2026.

Visits: 220 *