Skip to the main content

Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering, Vol. 16 , 2026.

Review article

https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.3230

Next-generation electrochemical sensors and biosensors for paracetamol detection: emerging trends and future perspectives

Santhanalakshmi Nagendran ; Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan
Jih-Hsing Chang ; Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan *
Mohanraj Kumar ; Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan *
Prakash Natrajan ; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, 641407, India

* Corresponding author.

Full text: english pdf 1.116 Kb

downloads: 0

cite

Abstract

Paracetamol (PCT), a widely used drug, is increasingly present in environmental and pharma­ceutical samples, raising the need for monitoring and control. Electrochemical sensors (ES) and electrochemical biosensors (EBS) have proven to be promising analytical methods for PCT detection. This review aims to provide a comprehensive comparison of ES and EBS for PCT detection, highlighting advances in electrode modification strategies, signal amplification approaches and biological recognition elements. The reported limits of detection range from the picomolar level (≈10 pM in immunosensors) to the micromolar range, varying with material design and recognition element. Carbon-based and metal/metal oxide materials enhance sensitivity through improved electron transfer and catalytic activity. Enzymatic and antibody-based sensors provide higher selectivity. The drawbacks of enzymatic and non-enzy­matic biosensors are low long-term stability, enzyme degradation, lack of interference testing in different sample matrices and lack of standardized protocols. Antibody- and DNA-based electrochemical platforms for PCT are under-analysed fields compared to nanoma­terial-driven approaches. This review also identifies current challenges, the need for stan­dar­dised protocols and key drawbacks of ES and EBS systems. Future perspectives for the deve­lopment of hybrid, portable, miniaturized, and real-time monitoring systems are further outlined.

Keywords

Environmental monitoring; pharmaceutical pollutants; acetaminophen detection; electrochemical techniques; electrode surface modification

Hrčak ID:

351290

URI

https://hrcak.srce.hr/351290

Publication date:

18.4.2026.

Visits: 0 *