Veterinarska stanica, Vol. 52 No. 2, 2021.
Review article
https://doi.org/10.46419/vs.52.2.7
Neurophysiology of pain in surgical patients
Ozren Smolec
; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Croatia
Paula Uglešić
; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Croatia
Marko Pećin
; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Croatia
Bojan Toholj
; Department for veterinary medicine, Faculty of Agricultre University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Berislav Radišić
; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Croatia
Marijan Dobranić
; Clinical hosptal, Zagreb, Croatia
Ksenija Ilijevska
; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
Živko Milošević
; The teaching hospital Sisters of Charity, Zagreb, Croatia
Ana Manojlović
; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Croatia
Marija Lipar
; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Croatia
Abstract
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), pain is defined as “an unpleasant sensational and emotional experience related to real or potential tissue injury”. Painful stimuli can be classified according to their duration (acute or chronic), mechanism of onset (organic or psychogenic), cause (nociceptive or neuropathic) and location (visceral or parietal) or according to general cause (benign or malignant). Anatomy and physiology recognise four stages of pain: transduction, conduction, modulation and perception. Neurotransmitters, such as noradrenalin and acetyl-colin, are located at the synaptic nerve endings, whereas dopamine is found in the central nerve system. The second group of neurotransmitters are transmission modulators such as histamine, glutamate and aspartate in the nerve endings, and GABA and endogenous opioids in the central nervous system. The nociceptive behavioural response produced by animals can be a reflexive or voluntary response, or chronic pain. Two basic tools for pain assessment in animals are subjective evaluation of pain and algesimeters.
Keywords
neurophysiology; pain; models of pain; clinical practice
Hrčak ID:
241125
URI
Publication date:
1.12.2020.
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