Veterinarska stanica, Vol. 53 No. 6, 2022.
Review article
https://doi.org/10.46419/vs.53.6.7
Halogenated salicylanilides - flukicide drugs
Damir Pavliček
orcid.org/0000-0003-1772-6257
; Croatian Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Institute Križevci, Križevci, Croatia
Marija Denžić Lugomer
; Croatian Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Institute Križevci, Križevci, Croatia
Tiana Novosel
; Croatian Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Institute Križevci, Križevci, Croatia
Abstract
Closantel, rafoxanide and oxyclozanide are anthelmintic agents, classified as salicylanilides, with fasciolicidal activity in ruminants. Due to their extensive plasma protein binding, they are poorly distributed to tissues, resulting in several-fold lower concentrations detected in kidney, liver, fat and muscle. They are much more effective against adult liver flukes, which are known to feed mainly on blood, than against immature stages of flukes, which are thought to feed on liver cells rather than blood. In terms of their mode of action, closantel, rafoxanide and oxyclozanide can be considered proton ionofores. They prevent the production of the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, selectively inhibiting ATP synthesis and therefore acting as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation in flukes. If anthelmintic drugs are not administered properly (in the recommended doses or not adhering to withdrawal periods), their residues can be detected in foods of animal original, which poses a human health threat due to their toxicological properties. Since closantel, rafoxanide and oxyclozanide are mostly available in combination with other anthelmintics, their determination requires the development of multiresidue methods that unite selective sample preparation techniques (SPE, QuEChERS) with sensitive mass spectrometry detection (MS/MS, TOF/MS). These substances were reported in concentrations above the MRL values stipulated in Commission Regulation (EU) No 37/2010, in the EFSA reports for the period 2009–2019 for monitoring veterinary medicinal product residues and other substances in live animals and animal products in EU Member States. In non-compliant samples, closantel was the most commonly detected substance, while in the last five years alone, closantel, rafoxanide, and oxyclozanide together account for nearly 50% of all non-compliant results in samples screened for the B2a subgroup of compounds.
Keywords
salicylanilides; closantel; rafoxanide; oxyclozanide; fascioliasis; residues
Hrčak ID:
274104
URI
Publication date:
16.1.2022.
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