Review article

Anxiety Disorders: Diagnostic Challenges and New Therapeutic Approaches

Linda Rossini Gajšak

Abstract

Anxiety in its essence is a normal and temporary reaction to stress, but which includes multifaceted neurobiological mechanisms. Activation of the amygdala and sympathetic nervous system brings about physiological changes such as increased heart rate and higher blood pressure, while the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis regulates cortisol secretion and reinstates balance. When anxiety is long-term, intense, and impairs functioning, it develops into anxiety disorders, which are widespread and often chronic, and considerably reduces quality of life. Diagnosis is based on DSM-5 and ICD classifications and clinical interviews, with impediments such as overlapping symptoms and comorbidities. Structured instruments and questionnaires like GAD-7 improve diagnostic accuracy. First-line treatment includes cognitive-behavioral therapy, along with pharmacotherapy and SSRI and SNRI drugs. Despite accessible methods, some patients do not reach a satisfactory response. Digital interventions and alternative methods like acupuncture are progressively being used in therapy. NICE guidelines propose a stepped-care model that includes psychoeducation and other therapeutic methods and interventions.

Keywords

anxiety, anxiety disorders, diagnostics, cognitive-behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, NICE guidelines, alternative treatment methods

Hrčak ID:

349483

URI

https://hrcak.srce.hr/349483

Publication date:

10.7.2026.

Article data in other languages: croatian

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