Pregledni rad
MITIGATION OF MYCOTOXINS IN FEEDS AND THEIR ADVERSE IMPACT ON DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Darko Grbeša
orcid.org/0000-0002-4463-1221
; Agronomski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, Hrvatska
Marija Duvnjak
; Agronomski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, Hrvatska
Kristina Kljak
orcid.org/0000-0003-2655-897X
; Agronomski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, Hrvatska
Sažetak
Food must be free of substances and microorganisms threatening the health of humans and animals. Mycotoxins are recognized as one of the biggest and highly outspread threat that appears in the food chain, especially in stressful extreme weather conditions. There are no means of complete prevention of appearance of toxigenic molds and mycotoxins, so one must conduct complex and comprehensive
mitigation measures to reduce their concentration by (1) reducing growth of pathogenic molds and mycotoxins in feed materials throughout the whole chain of productions (2) removing the produced mycotoxins from the feed materials or (3) from the animal’s gastrointestinal tract. Decrease in the incidence and mycotoxins
negative effects can be achieved merging of the knowledge in the fields of crop biology, agronomy, fungi ecology, methods of harvest, storage, feed processing and detoxification strategies. The most efficient method of mycotoxins control is the mold growth prevention in the field, which contains pre-harvest measures of the crop rotation, irrigation, adequate fertilization, weed control, planting resistant crops, early sowing and harvesting, the use of non-toxic strains of mold and other measures. However, in years with favourable weather for the growth of mold, preharvest
measures do not eliminate mycotoxins from the feeds. The harvest and storage of dry and whole grains that are purged, elevated, and stored in sanitized and fumigated storages reduces the increase in initial contamination. Physical measures: peeling, separating, sorting, washing and dissolving of mycotoxins, than hydrothermal
treatment and additional methods carried out before and/or after storage, and before feeding usually remove one or few of the present mycotoxins, but not all of them. Chemical treatment also efficiently removes some of the mycotoxins but not all of them. Following means can be used: calcium hydroxide, ammonium
hydroxide, monomethylamine, sodium bisulfite, wet and dry ozone, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, ascorbic acid, hydrochloric acid, benzoic acid, urea, sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde, ammonia and ammonium hydroxide, copper sulphate and additional chemicals. For the conservation of forages antifungal acids can be used. Biological
measures include utilization of microorganisms that bind or destroy certain mycotoxins, the use of the non-toxic molds and finally the use of mycotoxin destroying enzymes. Numerous substances that inhibit the absorption of mycotoxins are also added to feeds. Among which the most commonly used are variety of silicate clay that successfully bind aflatoxin but poorly bind other mycotoxins. Organic binders
show more expanded range of mycotoxins binding. The measures that help in alleviating the adverse effects of mycotoxins once they are consumed are: good nutritional practices, added antioxidants and substances that help the liver metabolism. Additionally, the possibility for the vaccination of domestic animals is currently explored.
In conclusion, one can say that only the use of joint measures in the entire production chain, rather than individual measures, reduces levels of mycotoxins to the acceptable limit for farm animals.
Ključne riječi
mycotoxins; animal feeds, mitigation measures
Hrčak ID:
128023
URI
Datum izdavanja:
2.10.2014.
Posjeta: 1.824 *