Anali za povijest odgoja, Vol. 2 No. 2, 2003.
Pregledni rad
Teachers’ Associations in Slovenia at the Beginning of the 20th Century and a Glimpse at “Croatian Topics”
Branko Šuštar
; Slovenski šolski muzej, Ljubljana, Slovenija
Sažetak
At the beginning of the 20th century, the activities of Slovenian teachers’ associations were influenced by a range of different ideas: in addition to the established liberal and Catholic concept, the ideas of Social Democracy, Masaryk and Marx began to gain ground. Mentions in two Ljubljana newspapers of the speech by Professor Stjepan Basariček at the “Croatian Teachers’ celebration” on 19th August 1901 at the opening of the Croatian School Museum point to the conceptual differences existing between teachers’ associations in our territory. Učiteljski tovariš/Teacher’s Colleague, the periodical publication of Zaveza/ Alliance, the liberal teachers’ union, interpreted the appeal by Basariček to Croatian teachers to be strong in their faith and loyal to the home country as a uniform act of teachers and the clergy in the liberal spirit, while Slovenski učitelj/Slovenian Teacher, the periodical publication of Catholic Slomškova zveza/Slomšek’s union, interpreted this appeal as the union’s own views. The politicisation of the unified union of district teachers’ association (Zaveza slovenskih učiteljskih društev/Alliance of Slovenian Teachers’ Societies) in the final years of the 19th century and its political connection with the liberal party led to a clear “division of spirits” even among teachers, and the establishment of the Catholic Slomškova zveza/Slomšek’s union which, in terms of the number of its members, could not compete with its liberal counterpart. Zaveza/Alliance of Slovenian Teachers’ Associations made efforts to attract not only Slovenian but also Croatian teachers’ societies in the Austrian half of the Habsburg monarchy (Istria, Dalmatia). In 1900, it therefore changed its name to the Zaveza avstrijskih jugoslovanskih učiteljskih društev/Alliance of Austrian Yugoslav Teachers’ Associations. Due to its militant liberal orientation, teachers’ associations in Istria (Pazin, Krk) separated in 1902, which was renowned for good co–operation between teachers and the clergy as well as with the Slavic national movement in general. A special form of school associations at the beginning of the 20th century was the work of the nationally–oriented Slovenian Družba sv. Cirila in Metoda / Society of St. Cyril and Methodius and that of a similar Croatian organisation, Družba sv. Cirila i Metoda za Istru/Society of St. Cyril and Methodius for Istria, which among others established schools in the Slovenian part of Istria. Under the Italian occupation, Slovenian and Croatian teachers cooperated within a joint teachers’ society on the Coast (Zveza slovanskih učiteljskih društev v Trstu / Union of Slavic Teachers’ Associations in Trieste, 1920–1926) all until Slovenian and Croatian schooling completely crushed under Italian fascism. The diversity of orientations pursued by teachers’ associations was different in the Austrian period (up until 1918) and in the period of the first Yugoslav state (up until 1941) because of the specifi c features of individual regions: Carniola was characterised by great confl icts between the liberal and catholic ideas, elsewhere – i.e. on the Coast and in Styria as well as during the Austrian period – the unity of Slovenian teachers and the clergy was important because of German and Italian nationalism, while teachers in Carinthia did not seek links with other Slovenian teachers at all. The main direction, operation and membership of the teachers’ association were also infl uenced by the changing political rule that tended to move teachers with different political opinions to other posts. In 1926, teachers through their organisations opposed the direct politicisation and conceptual separation of the teachers’ association. The majority of these organisations and the Slovenian part of their common union (UJU – Udruženje jugoslovenskega učiteljstva, poverjeništvo v Ljubljani/Union of Yugoslav Teachers, branch in Ljubljana, after 1931 the JUU – Jugoslovensko učiteljsko udruženje, sekcija za dravsko banovino – Yugoslav teachers’ union – section for Drava banovina in Ljubljana) was established as a joint professional organisation intended for all teachers. After 1945, when Slovenia had become part of the federal state of Yugoslavia, the ideas of Marxist ideology completely prevailed both in schools as well as in teachers’ associations. With the variety of professional associations, including those of teachers, it was only after the democratic change in he Republic of Slovenia (1990/91) that teachers could associate in organisations with a different philosophy (e.g. the Društvo katoliških pedagogov/Association of Catholic Teachers, publishing the miscellany Vzgoja/Education). Even in the early 20th century, the teachers’ association had both a professional, trade union and social function. From the middle of the 20th century on, the wide scope of its activity began to change, resulting in smaller (and less noticeable) memberships while, at the same time, the professional tasks of the Zveza društev pedagoških delavcev Slovenije/Union of Teachers’ Associations of Slovenia and, in particular, the objectives of specific professional associations related to teaching began to gain in importance, especially in terms of introducing novelties to the education system.
Ključne riječi
teachers associations; Slovenia; Croatia; from 1900 until
Hrčak ID:
334764
URI
Datum izdavanja:
31.12.2003.
Posjeta: 406 *