Catalytic Epoxidation of Waste Palm Cooking Oil Using <i>In Situ</i> Generated Peracid and a Hybrid Catalyst System

Jalil, Mohd Jumain; Morsidi, Nur Izzah Anati; Kamal, Nursyazliana; Abdullah, Siti Nadia; Ismail, Siti Mazlifah; Roslan, Azmi; Riduan, Mohd Azril; Azmi, Intan Suhada

doi:10.15255/KUI.2024.049

Chemistry in Industry : Journal of Chemists and Chemical Engineers of Croatia, Vol. 74 No. 9-10, 2025.

Original scientific paper

https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2024.049

Catalytic Epoxidation of Waste Palm Cooking Oil Using In Situ Generated Peracid and a Hybrid Catalyst System

Mohd Jumain Jalil ; Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Malaysia
Nur Izzah Anati Morsidi ; Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Malaysia
Nursyazliana Kamal ; Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Malaysia
Siti Nadia Abdullah ; Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Malaysia
Siti Mazlifah Ismail ; Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Malaysia
Azmi Roslan ; Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Malaysia
Mohd Azril Riduan ; Comgreat Solutions Sdn. Bhd., PersiaranTimur 8, Chandan Desa, 31 300, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
Intan Suhada Azmi ; Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Malaysia *

* Corresponding author.

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cite

APA 6th Edition

Jalil, M.J., Morsidi, N.I.A., Kamal, N., Abdullah, S.N., Ismail, S.M., Roslan, A., ... Azmi, I.S. (2025). Catalytic Epoxidation of Waste Palm Cooking Oil Using In Situ Generated Peracid and a Hybrid Catalyst System. Kemija u industriji, 74 (9-10), 379-384. https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2024.049

MLA 8th Edition

Jalil, Mohd Jumain, et al. "Catalytic Epoxidation of Waste Palm Cooking Oil Using In Situ Generated Peracid and a Hybrid Catalyst System." Kemija u industriji, vol. 74, no. 9-10, 2025, pp. 379-384. https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2024.049. Accessed 1 Jun. 2026.

Chicago 17th Edition

Jalil, Mohd Jumain, Nur Izzah Anati Morsidi, Nursyazliana Kamal, Siti Nadia Abdullah, Siti Mazlifah Ismail, Azmi Roslan, Mohd Azril Riduan and Intan Suhada Azmi. "Catalytic Epoxidation of Waste Palm Cooking Oil Using In Situ Generated Peracid and a Hybrid Catalyst System." Kemija u industriji 74, no. 9-10 (2025): 379-384. https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2024.049

Harvard

Jalil, M.J., et al. (2025). 'Catalytic Epoxidation of Waste Palm Cooking Oil Using In Situ Generated Peracid and a Hybrid Catalyst System', Kemija u industriji, 74(9-10), pp. 379-384. https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2024.049

Vancouver

Jalil MJ, Morsidi NIA, Kamal N, Abdullah SN, Ismail SM, Roslan A, et al. Catalytic Epoxidation of Waste Palm Cooking Oil Using In Situ Generated Peracid and a Hybrid Catalyst System. Kemija u industriji [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2026 June 01];74(9-10):379-384. https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2024.049

IEEE

M.J. Jalil, et al., "Catalytic Epoxidation of Waste Palm Cooking Oil Using In Situ Generated Peracid and a Hybrid Catalyst System", Kemija u industriji, vol.74, no. 9-10, pp. 379-384, 2025. [Online]. https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2024.049

Abstract

This study investigates the catalytic epoxidation of waste palm cooking oil via an in situ generated peracid mechanism, employing a hybrid homogeneous catalyst system comprising sulphuric and nitric acid to enhance efficiency and sustainability. The research focuses on optimising key reaction parameters, which include temperature, catalyst loading, hydrogen peroxide-to-oleic acid molar ratio, and formic acid-to-oleic acid molar ratio. The optimised conditions identified were: (1) reaction temperature of 65 °C, yielding the highest oxirane content while minimising side reactions; (2) a catalyst loading of 0.5, achieving the best balance of conversion efficiency and reaction stability; (3) a hydrogen peroxide-to-oleic acid molar ratio of 2 : 1, maximising oxirane yield without promoting degradation reactions; and (4) a formic acid-to-oleic acid molar ratio of 1 : 1, providing the optimal acid concentration for efficient epoxidation. These findings support the potential of using waste-derived oils in biopolymer production, aligning with sustainable development and circular economy principles. This optimised approach enhances waste valorisation and contributes to the synthesis of eco-friendly materials.