Original scientific paper
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.3207
Phenolic-rich plum peel extract–mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles for electrochemical detection of Pb(II)
Yohanes Susanto Ridwan
; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia
Muhammad Fajar Arzena Nurhadi
; Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Santhy Wyantuti
; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia
Rafa Radithya Swara
; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia
Athanasia Amanda Septevani
; Research Center for Electronics, Research Organization of Electronics and Informatics, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
Fitri Khoerunnisa
; Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Irkham Irkham
; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
*
Yeni Wahyuni Hartati
orcid.org/0000-0003-1463-6352
; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21 Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
*
* Corresponding author.
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were successfully synthesized using plum peel (Prunus salicina) extract as a green reducing and stabilizing agent, offering an environmentally benign approach to nanomaterial preparation. Optimization showed that a precursor-to-extract volume ratio of 7:3 with 80 mL maceration solvent yielded the most stable colloid, evidenced by a surface plasmon resonance peak at 534.9 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that phenolic -OH and aromatic C=O/C=C functional groups played a key role in Au(III) reduction and nanoparticle stabilization. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed predominantly spherical AuNPs with an average size of 13.16±4.9 nm, while a zeta potential of -33.4 ± 0.2 mV confirmed colloidal stability. The optimized AuNPs were drop-casted onto pencil graphite electrodes (PGE) to fabricate a low-cost electrochemical sensor for Pb(II) detection. The modified electrode exhibited a 50.7% enhancement in the Pb(II) peak current compared to bare PGE. Differential pulse voltammetry showed linearity over 25 to 200 ppb (R² = 0.9921), a sensitivity of 0.0172 µA ppb⁻¹, and a limit of detection of 18.95 ppb, below the Indonesian regulatory limit for surface waters. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping confirmed uniform AuNPs distribution, supporting improved electron-transfer behaviour. Overall, this work highlights the potential of fruit-peel-derived AuNPs for a portable and sustainable detector.
Keywords
Noble metal nanoparticles; green synthesis; plant extract; lead detection; pencil graphite; sustainable management
Hrčak ID:
351260
URI
Publication date:
28.4.2026.
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